sj-docx-1-scx-10.1177_10755470241239947 – Supplemental material for Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis”

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-scx-10.1177_10755470241239947 for Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis” by Carol Ting and Sander Greenland in Science Communication</p

sj-xlsx-3-scx-10.1177_10755470241239947 – Supplemental material for Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis”

Supplemental material, sj-xlsx-3-scx-10.1177_10755470241239947 for Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis” by Carol Ting and Sander Greenland in Science Communication</p

sj-docx-2-scx-10.1177_10755470241239947 – Supplemental material for Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis”

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-scx-10.1177_10755470241239947 for Forcing a Deterministic Frame on Probabilistic Phenomena: A Communication Blind Spot in Media Coverage of the “Replication Crisis” by Carol Ting and Sander Greenland in Science Communication</p

Increased Risk of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Following Testosterone Therapy Prescription in Men

<div><p>Background</p><p>An association between testosterone therapy (TT) and cardiovascular disease has been reported and TT use is increasing rapidly.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We conducted a cohort study of the risk of acute non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) following an initial TT prescription (N = 55,593) in a large health-care database. We compared the incidence rate of MI in the 90 days following the initial prescription (post-prescription interval) with the rate in the one year prior to the initial prescription (pre-prescription interval) (post/pre). We also compared post/pre rates in a cohort of men prescribed phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I; sildenafil or tadalafil, N = 167,279), and compared TT prescription post/pre rates with the PDE5I post/pre rates, adjusting for potential confounders using doubly robust estimation.</p><p>Results</p><p>In all subjects, the post/pre-prescription rate ratio (RR) for TT prescription was 1.36 (1.03, 1.81). In men aged 65 years and older, the RR was 2.19 (1.27, 3.77) for TT prescription and 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) for PDE5I, and the ratio of the rate ratios (RRR) for TT prescription relative to PDE5I was 1.90 (1.04, 3.49). The RR for TT prescription increased with age from 0.95 (0.54, 1.67) for men under age 55 years to 3.43 (1.54, 7.56) for those aged ≥75 years (p_trend = 0.03), while no trend was seen for PDE5I (p_trend = 0.18). In men under age 65 years, excess risk was confined to those with a prior history of heart disease, with RRs of 2.90 (1.49, 5.62) for TT prescription and 1.40 (0.91, 2.14) for PDE5I, and a RRR of 2.07 (1.05, 4.11).</p><p>Discussion</p><p>In older men, and in younger men with pre-existing diagnosed heart disease, the risk of MI following initiation of TT prescription is substantially increased.</p></div

Rates of myocardial infarction per 1,000 persons per year (PY) in men under age 65 years and those age 65 years and older, in pre- and post-prescription intervals for an initial prescription for PDE5I with adjusted^* rate ratios (RR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

*<p>Adjusted for age and pre-existing medical conditions and medication use associated with MI or its risk factors (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085805#pone-0085805-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and Supplemental Tables).</p>†<p>Effective sample sizes of PDE5I cohorts after weighting:</p><p>All Ages: 141,671.</p><p>Age <65: Years 121,696.</p><p>Age ≥65: Years 19,505.</p

Distribution of baseline covariates for all Medicare and commercial insurance enrollees in the TT prescription and PDE5I cohorts before and after weighting.

<p>The TT prescription patients were unweighted and the PDE5I patients were weighted to match the TT prescription cohort based on odds of TT prescription.</p><p>These descriptive tabulations are restricted to exposures that occur in at least 2% or more of individuals. Please see the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085805#pone.0085805.s001" target="_blank">Tables S1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085805#pone.0085805.s002" target="_blank">S2</a> for a full list.</p

Rates of myocardial infarction in men under and 65 and those 65 and older per 1,000(PY) in pre- and post-prescription intervals for an initial prescription for TT or PDE5 inhibitors, with adjusted^* rate ratios (RR), ratio of rate ratios (RRR) and 95% confidence limits (CL) by history of heart disease.

*<p>Adjusted for age and pre-existing medical conditions and medication use associated with MI or its risk factors.</p>†<p>Effective sample size of PDE5 inhibitor cohort after weighting.</p><p>Under 65 with heart disease history: 9,003.</p><p>Under 65 without a history of heart disease: 112,588.</p><p>65 and older with heart disease history: 4,190.</p><p>65 and older without a history of heart disease: 15,718.</p>‡<p>RRR = RR TT cohort/RR PDE5I cohort.</p

Associations between SNPs of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, DNMT1, and ALDH2 genes and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and liver –the comparison between results from single SNP model¹ and joint SNPs model².

1<p>: Single SNP model: models included one SNP only; Semi-Bayes odds ratio (SBOR) adjusted for age (5-year categories and deviation from stratum mean), sex, residency (city, rural), alcohol drinking frequency, smoking pack-years, BMI, education, H. <i>pylori</i> infection (in stomach cancer analyses), HBsAg (in liver cancer analyses), and plasma AFB1 levels (in liver cancer analyses), based on the assumption that genotype did not affect any of these variables.</p>2<p>: Joint SNPs model: models included all of the 8 SNPs; SBOR adjusted for the same set of covariates. All of the SNPs combined together were under the same genetic models (genotype-specific, log-additive, dominant, or recessive).</p><p>*: One-sided semi-Bayes <i>P</i>-values; the posterior probability that the point estimate is on the wrong side of the null <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235#pone.0109235-Greenland4" target="_blank">[26]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235#pone.0109235-Greenland5" target="_blank">[27]</a>.</p>†<p>: <i>P</i>-value from Chi-Square test for trend.</p><p>Associations between SNPs of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, DNMT1, and ALDH2 genes and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and liver –the comparison between results from single SNP model^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235#nt107" target="_blank">1</a>} and joint SNPs model^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235#nt108" target="_blank">2</a>}.</p

Associations between SNPs of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, DNMT1, and ALDH2 genes and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and liver.

1<p>: Semi-Bayes odds ratio (SBOR) adjusted for age (5-year categories and deviation from stratum mean) and sex.</p>2<p>: SBOR further adjusted for residency (city, rural), alcohol drinking frequency, smoking pack-years, BMI, education, H. <i>pylori</i> infection (in stomach cancer analyses), HBsAg (in liver cancer analyses), and plasma AFB1 levels (in liver cancer analyses), based on the assumption that genotype did not affect any of these variables.</p><p>*: One-sided semi-Bayes <i>P</i>-values; the posterior probability that the point estimate is on the wrong side of the null <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235#pone.0109235-Greenland4" target="_blank">[26]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109235#pone.0109235-Greenland5" target="_blank">[27]</a>.</p>†<p>: <i>P</i>-value from Chi-Square test for trend.</p><p>Associations between SNPs of MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, DNMT1, and ALDH2 genes and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and liver.</p