Luftvägsinfektion hos kalv

Luftvägsinfektion är ett vanligt förekommande problem hos kalvar. Sjukdomen drabbar kalvar i alla åldrar och kan på sikt leda till nedsatt tillväxt och bestående förändringar i lungorna. Behandling mot luftvägsinfektion bör enligt Läkemedelsverkets rekommendationer sättas in vid påvisande av feber, nedsatt allmäntillstånd och dyspné. Förstahandsvalet är penicillin och behovet av NSAID och annan understödjande behandling bör utvärderas i varje enskilt fall. Man har sett att tidigt insatt antibiotikabehandling är associerat med begränsad utveckling av konsolidering i lungorna samt minskad risk för ombehandling. Därför är det av intresse att fånga upp och behandla luftvägsinfektion hos kalv så tidigt som möjligt. Det finns flera standardiserade poängsystem för att diagnosticera luftvägsinfektion hos kalv där kliniska parametrar bedöms och poängsätts. Poängen summeras och kalvar med en poängsumma över ett förutbestämt gränsvärde klassificeras som positiva för klinisk luftvägsinfektion. En annan metod för diagnosticering är ultraljud av lungorna. Med ultraljud kan förändringar som konsolidering, atelektas, vätska i och kring lungorna samt lungbölder upptäckas. Ultraljudsundersökning möjliggör upptäckt av subklinisk sjukdom dagar till veckor innan kliniska tecken ses. Målet med studien var att utvärdera kriterierna för insättande av behandling samt behandlingseffekt vid luftvägsinfektion hos kalv. Studien utfördes på 61 kalvar i en besättning som köper in kalvar via mellangårdsavtal. Alla kalvar bedömdes kliniskt och med ultraljud av lungorna vid tio tillfällen från cirka tre till fem veckors ålder. Kalvarna följdes sedan upp med klinisk bedömning och ultraljudsundersökning i samband med avvänjning vid cirka åtta veckors ålder. I försöksgruppen behandlades kalvar vid påvisande av konsolidering av lungvävnad ≥2 cm. I kontrollgruppen sattes behandling in av djurägaren enligt gårdens ViLA-instruktioner, alltså vid påvisande av feber, nedsatt allmäntillstånd och andningssvårighet. Tillväxt, ultraljuds- och kliniska bedömningar samt utveckling av ultraljudsförändringar över tid jämfördes mellan de två grupperna. Under studien insjuknade 16 kalvar i klinisk luftvägsinfektion och 2 kalvar i subklinisk luftvägsinfektion. Totalt behandlades 4 kalvar inom ett dygn efter påvisande av lungförändringar ≥2 cm och 3 kalvar behandlades av djurägaren enligt gårdens ViLA-instruktioner. Elva kalvar med luftvägsinfektion fick inte behandling då de inte diagnosticerades av djurägaren enligt ViLA-instruktionerna. Studien påvisade ingen skillnad i behandlingseffekt hos kalvar som behandlades enligt ViLAinstruktionerna jämfört med kalvar som behandlades inom ett dygn efter ultraljudsfynd ≥2 cm. Ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad i tillväxt mellan kontroll- och försöksgrupp eller mellan kalvarna som behandlades inom ett dygn och kalvarna som behandlades av djurägaren kunde påvisas. Studien har stött på utmaningar i form av confounders och ett lågt antal behandlade kalvar, vilket gör det svårt att dra säkra slutsatser. Detta är något man bör ha i åtanke vid framtida studier inom ämnet.Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common disease among calves of all ages. The disease can affect growth performance and result in long-lasting changes in the lungs. Treatment against BRD should be given to calves showing signs of depression, dyspnea, and fever. The first choice of treatment in Sweden is penicillin according to the Swedish Medical Products Agency. The need for additional treatment such as NSAIDs, fluids, and/or extra nutrition should be evaluated individually for each case. Early antibiotic treatment has been shown to be associated with limited development of consolidation of the lungs as well as a smaller risk of needing a second treatment within a week. Therefore, it is of great interest to identify and treat calves with BRD as early as possible. There are several standardized scoring systems for diagnosing BRD in calves. These are based on assessment and scoring of a number of clinical signs including fever, coughing, eye discharge, nasal discharge, and attitude. Calves with a total score above a predetermined cut-off value are classified as positive for BRD. Another diagnostic method for BRD is thoracic ultrasound. This method can detect changes such as consolidation, atelectasis, fluid in or around the lungs, and lung abscesses. When performing an ultrasonographic examination it is possible to detect changes in the lungs days to weeks prior to clinical signs. The aim of this study was to evaluate criteria for treatment and effect of treatment of BRD in calves. A total of 61 calves were submitted to daily clinical and ultrasonographic examination at the age of approximately three to five weeks. The calves were once again examined at weaning at the age of eight weeks. Calves in the experimental group received treatment once their ultrasound showed lung consolidation ≥2 cm, and the control group received treatment from the farmer according to the farm’s medical instructions. The instructions given were that calves exhibiting fever, depression, and dyspnea should receive treatment. Growth performance, clinical and ultrasound scores, and development of ultrasound scores over time were compared between the two groups. During the study period, 16 calves were diagnosed with clinical BRD and 2 calves with subclinical BRD. A total of 4 calves were treated within 24 hours of detection of lung consolidation ≥2 cm and 3 calves were treated by the owner according to the medical instructions on the farm. The remaining 11 calves received no treatment due to not being recognized by the farmer/not fulfilling the criteria for treatment in the farm’s medical instructions. No difference in treatment effect could be shown between calves treated by the farmer and calves treated within 24 hours of detection of lung consolidation ≥2 cm. No statistically significant differences in growth could be shown between the control and the trial group, as well as between calves treated within 24 hours of diagnosis and calves treated by the farmer. The study encountered challenges such as confounders and a smaller study group than expected, which made it hard to draw firm conclusions. This should be considered when performing future studies

Employment of certificated personnel of ethnic minority groups in Stockton Unified School District, 1947 to 1962

The two main purposes of this study were to document the events leading to the establishment of the nondiscriminatory employment policy for certificated personnel from ethnic minority groups in the Stockton Unified School District and the subsequent practices which have developed since the adoption of the policy in 1947

A chloroplast-localized vesicular transport system: a bio-informatics approach

BACKGROUND: The thylakoid membrane of higher plant chloroplasts is made of membrane lipids synthesized in the chloroplast envelope. As the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid are separated by the aqueous stroma, a system for transporting newly synthesized lipids from the inner envelope membrane to the thylakoid is required. Ultrastructural as well as biochemical studies have indicated that lipid transport inside the chloroplast could be mediated by a system similar in characteristics to vesicular trafficking in the cytosol. If indeed the chloroplast system is related to cytosolic vesicular trafficking systems, a certain degree of sequence conservation between components of the chloroplast and the cytosolic systems could be expected. We used the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and web-based subcellular localization prediction tools to search for chloroplast-localized homologues of cytosolic vesicular trafficking components. RESULTS: Out of the 28952 hypothetical proteins in the A. thaliana genome sequence, 1947 were predicted to be chloroplast-localized by two different subcellular localization predictors. In this chloroplast protein dataset, strong homologues for the main coat proteins of COPII coated cytosolic vesicles were found. Homologues of the small GTPases ARF1 and Sar1 were also found in the chloroplast protein dataset. CONCLUSION: Our database search approach gives further support to that a system similar to cytosolic vesicular trafficking is operational inside the chloroplast. However, solid biochemical data is needed to support the chloroplast localization of the identified proteins as well as their involvment in intra-chloroplast lipid trafficking

Användning av getter för naturvård i Sverige

Getter finns i hela världen. De har som störst betydelse i utvecklingsländer, men har även haft betydelse i Sverige för produktion av mjölk, kött, hudar, ragg och horn. Under mitten av 1800-talet fanns det cirka 170.000 getter i landet, men de minskade kraftigt när skogsindustrin tog fart, eftersom att de ansågs förstöra skog och mark. Under 2000-talet har getpopulationen i Sverige börjat öka igen, och geten börjar rentvås från sitt rykte som ”skogsmarodör”. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att studera getter betesbeteende, födoval och påverkan på biologisk mångfald för att kunna dra slutsatser om hur getter skulle kunna användas för naturvård i Sverige. Getter skiljer sig från våra andra betesdjur genom att deras huvudsakliga föda utgörs av löv istället för örter och gräs. Getterna äter gärna i huvudhöjd och tränger sig in i buskage för att nå blad. Förutom löv äter getter även knoppar, bark, sprött gräs och små kvistar – man skulle kunna säga att getter äter lite av mycket, medan våra andra betesdjur äter mycket av lite. Getternas unika betesbeteende möjliggör en helt egen nisch inom naturvård. Eftersom att getterna äter buskar och avbarkar unga träd, kan de användas för att rensa sly och restaurera igenvuxna naturbetesmarker. Studier har även visat att getter kan användas för att beta bort växtlighet som annars fungerar som bränsle vid skogsbränder, och på så vis kan man skapa brandgator. På marker som betas av getter har man sett en minskning av buskar och träd och en ökning av gräs och andra växtarter som lever nära marken, och som då får mer solljus och näring. Samtidigt som getternas bete har flera fördelar, är det viktigt att markerna inte överbetas, då detta kan leda till en minskad biologisk mångfald och stor negativ påverkan på marken och växterna. Det är önskvärt med fler studier om getters påverkan på den svenska naturen och dess biologiska mångfald för att minska risken för oönskade effekter samt för att bäst utnyttja betande getter som en resurs.Goats can be found worldwide. They are a crucial source of meat, milk and skin in developing countries, but have also had an important function in Sweden throughout history. During the mid 19th century there were 170.000 goats in Sweden. The population drastically declined as forest industry expanded due to goats being considered to ruin forest and land. During the 21st century, the population of goats in Sweden increased again, and the goats are beginning to lose their reputation of demolishing forests. The aim of this article is to study the browsing behavior, choice of feed and impact on biodiversity in order to answer the question: How can goats be used for nature conservation in Sweden? Goats differ from other Swedish grazing animals since they are browsers and mainly eat leaves instead of grass. Goats prefer to eat at head height or higher and will penetrate bushes to get the most inner leaves. Besides leaves, goats also eat buds, bark, bushes, brittle grass and twigs. Another difference is that goats eat smaller amounts of many different plant species, while other grazing animals eat bigger amounts from a lesser variety of species. The unique browsing behavior of the goat allows for a very own niche in nature conservation. Since goats eat bushes and debark trees, they can be used to clear areas from unwanted bushes and shrubs as well as for restoring natural pastures that have overgrown. Studies have shown that goats can also be used to clear areas from fuel needed for forest fires, thus creating firebreaks. Grazing of goats leads to fewer bushes and trees, which in turn leads to more sunlight and nutrition for grasses and other low growing plants to grow. While grazing of goats have several benefits, it is important not to overgraze areas, as that leads to a decrease in biodiversity and have a considerable negative impact on the ground and the plant community. Studies of goats impact on Swedish nature and its biodiversity is desirable, in order to reduce the risk of unwanted negative effects and to best utilize goats as a resource in nature conservation

Den naturliga variationen av fettkomponenter i Lepidium campestre

Fältkrassing, Lepidium campestre är en ny potentiell oljegröda som har valts ut för dess goda växttyp, användbara oljekvalitéer och för egenskapen att den tål att övervintra. Fältkrassing tillhör familjen Brassicaceae, samma familj som de välkända oljegrödorna raps och rybs. Ett mål är att utveckla en tvåårig gröda som kan minska näringsläckage genom att hålla marken täckt under vinterhalvåret och ge en vegetabilisk olja likt rapsoljans egenskaper. Ett annat mål är att kunna odla fältkrassing högre upp i landet då den är tåligare för kallare klimat. Syftet med denna uppsats var att finna den naturliga variationen av olika fettkomponenter i frön från fältkrassing. Oljemängd, fettsyror, tokoferoler och fytosteroler var de komponenter som analyserades. Oljemängden varierade mellan 15-22 % av fröet jämfört med canola (en rapssort) som har en oljemängd på 38-44 %. Fettsyrasammansättningen visade att linolensyra och erukasyra är de mest dominerande fettsyrorna i fältkrassingfrön. I canola frön är det oljesyra och linolsyra som är de dominerande fettsyrorna. Den enda tokoferol som återfanns var γ-tokoferol, vars variation var mellan 1,27 - 2,52 mg/g olja. Det är en stor skillnad om man jämför med canola som har en variation på 0,40 - 0,51 mg/g olja. Fytosterolsammansättningen liknar däremot canola oljans, med β- sitosterol och campesterol som de mest dominerande sterolerna följt av brassicasterol. Signifikanta skillnader mellan fettkomponenterna studerades med avseende på fröernas ursprungsland, förädlingsgrad och odlingsförhållanden.Lepidium campestre, field cress, is a new potential oil crop that has been selected for its good plant type, useful oil qualities and for its ability to hibernate. L. campestre belongs to the Brassicaceae family, the same family as the well known oil crops rapeseed and turnip rape. One goal is to develop an annual crop that can reduce nutrient leakage by keeping the ground covered during the winter. Another goal is to provide a vegetable oil like canola (a rapeseed cultivar) oil's properties. It would also be possible to use more of the land area by growing L. campestre futher north in the country, as it is more durable for colder climates. The purpose of this study was to find the normal variation of fat components in L. campestre. The amount of oil, fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols were analysed. The quantity of oil ranged between 15-22 % of the seed compared to canola seed with oil ranged between 38-44 %. Fatty acid composition showed that linolenic acid and erucic acid were the most dominant in L. campestre. In canola oil the most dominant fatty acid are oleic acid and linoleic acid. The tocopherol found in L. campestre was γ-tocopherol, which ranged between 1,27 - 2,52 mg/g oil. This is a difference compared to canola that has a range between 0,40 - 0,51 mg/g oil. The phytosterol composition was similar to canola oil, where β- sitosterol and campesterol were the most dominants sterols followed by brassicasterol. Significant differences were shown for some of the fat components depending on the orgin and if they were grown in green-house or outdoor and also if the plants were grown for 2 or 3 generations

Monitoring calls in telephone advice nursing : parents´and telenurses´experiences

Background: Approximately 2 million of the 4.5 million calls made in 2016 to the 1177 healthcare advice line resulted in the telenurse providing self-care advice to the care seeker. In some of these calls, the care seekers were offered the possibility of receiving a monitoring call. In 2016, 275,000 monitoring calls were registered. A monitoring call is defined as when the telenurse monitors and supervises the course of the disease by telephone, i.e., the telenurse calls the care seeker back at regular intervals to follow the course of the disease and adapt the advice based on the care needs at the time of the call. In previous studies, the use of monitoring calls is mentioned as a method for telenurses to assess the need for care. An extended body of knowledge is needed concerning the phenomenon of monitoring calls. The overall aim in this thesis was therefore to increase knowledge of monitoring calls in telephone advice nursing from the perspective of care seekers and telenurses. Methods: This thesis consists of two studies that illustrate the experience of monitoring calls from different perspectives: those of the care seekers and those of the telenurses. The thesis focuses on the context, which is typical for qualitative research. Two different sets of data were collected using interviews. In study I, ten parents (nine mothers and one father) were interviewed. In study II, 19 telenurses were interviewed. The data were analysed inductively in both studies using qualitative content analysis. Findings: In study I, four main categories emerged: convenience, confirmation, support and guidance. In study II, the main category was: aiming at patient-safe self-care. The generic categories were focusing on the parent aiming at increasing their feeling of security, focusing on the child for patient safety, learning for parents and telenurses and relieving care. The parents’ sense of security seemed to involve a core sense of being able to care for a sick child at home; security often means feeling safe in a specific situation. Security was seen as fundamental in both study I and study II. The parents’ experienced that the monitoring call provided an opportunity to share their concerns about their child and the telenurses aimed to give the parents a feeling of security by calling them back. The telenurses described that working with a focus on patient safety was a factor in the monitoring call and that the calls contributed to good communication between themselves and the parents. The parents described a feeling of being taken seriously and that they experienced a sense of trust and security. It also seemed that the telenurses used monitoring calls for their own safety by following up on their previous advice and re-evaluating their assessment. Monitoring calls was perceived as a learning opportunity and an opportunity for feedback for both parents and telenurses. Relieving care was one of the aims of performing monitoring calls; the telenurses believed that parents should first try to perform self-care at home before going to a healthcare service. The parents seemed to perceive the monitoring call as a way to save time and it seemed to be more convenient for them to care for their sick child at home. The telenurses experienced, therefore, that by performing monitoring calls they reduced the need for visits to healthcare services. Conclusions: The results show how people can receive expert self-care advice, support and guidance for care with the help of monitoring calls. Monitoring calls seemed to provide a sense of security for those seeking care and also seemed to increase patient safety. Monitoring calls also provides a learning situation for both parents and telenurses. The use of monitoring calls seems to be a patient-safe form of telephone advice nursing and contributes to sustainable healthcare

Buffelmjölk: påverkan av den första perioden av laktationen på plasminsystemet och fria fettsyror

Buffalo milk is the second most produced milk after conductive bovine and mozza-rella is one of the most important products of buffalo milk. The milk contains high-er levels of nutrients, mainly protein and fat, which gives buffalo milk good physi-cal and chemical properties. Milk from early lactation however, is difficult to use in mozzarella manufacturing. This study analyse the impact of plasmin (PL), plasmin-ogen (PG) and free fatty acids (FFA) in buffalo milk from the first weeks of early lactation, since they are important factors in milk and can influence the quality in cheese. The aim was to investigate if these factors can be involved in the problem-atic of mozzarella manufacturing. Both individual buffalo milk and bulk milk were analysed. The milk samples, collected from six buffalos twice a week during the first 6-7 weeks of lactation, were analysed in duplicates. PL and PG activity were deter-mined by measuring the cleavage of chromogenic substrate and the formation of paranitroanilide (pNA) at 405 nm. The present results in the study should only be taken as an indication, since no statistical analyse has been performed. The average PL activity from individual buffalos indicates an increase in the second week of lactation. This activity dropped after four weeks. The average PG activity from the individual buffalos showed a decrease from week one to week three. After this period was the activity stabilized. Bulk milk showed similar results, where the ac-tivity decrease between week one and week eleven for PL and PG. FFA were de-termined through an extraction-titration method. The average FFA levels from the individuals increased from 0.12 mmol/100 g fat to 0.23 mmol/100 g fat between first to the sixth week of lactation. The bulk milk showed similar results. The fat concentration was around 7% in both the individual and bulk milk samples. The quality of the first milk unsuitable for the mozzarella production is probably not influence by FFA and protolytic enzymes such as PL and PG.Buffelmjölk är världens andra mest producerade mjölk efter komjölken och mozza-rella är en av de viktigaste produkterna som produceras av buffelmjölk. Mjölken innehåller höga nivåer av näringsämnen, främst protein och fett, som ger buffel-mjölk bra fysiska och kemiska egenskaper. Mjölk från den tidiga laktationen går dock inte att använda till mozzarellaproduktion. Det här arbetet analyserar inverkan på plasmin (PL), plasminogen (PG) och fria fettsyror (FFA) i mjölken från de första veckorna av tidig laktation, eftersom dessa faktorer är viktiga i mjölk och kan på-verka ostkvaliteten. Syftet var att utreda om dessa faktorer kan vara involverade i svårigheten att tillverka mozzarella. Både individuella buffelmjölkprover och tank-mjölk analyserades. Mjölkproverna insamlades från sex stycken bufflar två gånger i veckan under de första 6-7 veckorna av laktationen och analyserades i duplikat. PL- och PG-aktiviteten bestämdes genom att mäta när PL formade en fluorescerande produkt genom klyvning av det tillsatta substratet vid 405 nm. Resultaten i den här studien är endast en indikation, då ingen statistisk analys genomförts. Medelvärdet för PL från de individuella bufflarna ökade fram till andra veckan av laktationen. Därefter sjönk aktiviteten fram till vecka fyra följt av en stabilisering i ursprungsaktivitet i sista perioden av undersökningen. Medelvärdet för PG aktiviteten från de individu-ella bufflarna visade en minskning i aktivitet från vecka ett till tre. Efter vecka tre blev aktiviteten stabil. Tankmjölken visade på liknande resultat, där aktiviteten minskade mellan vecka ett och elva för både PL och PG. FFA bestämdes genom en extraktion-titrationsmetod. Medelvärdet för FFA från de individuella bufflarna ökade från 0.12 mmol/100 g fett till 0.23 mmol/100 g fett från första till sjätte veck-an av laktationen. Tankmjölken visade på liknande resultat. Fett koncentrationen låg på ca 7 % för både individuella prover och tankmjölkens prover. Kvalitéten på den första mjölken som inte passar för mozzarellatillverkning på-verkas troligen inte av FFA eller proteolytiska enzym som PL och PG

LysoPC acyltransferase/PC transacylase activities in plant plasma membrane and plasma membrane-associated endoplasmic reticulum

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The phospholipids of the plant plasma membrane are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The majority of these lipids reach the plasma membrane independently of the secretory vesicular pathway. Phospholipid delivery to the mitochondria and chloroplasts of plant cells also bypasses the secretory pathway and here it has been proposed that lysophospholipids are transported at contact sites between specific regions of the ER and the respective organelle, followed by lysophospholipid acylation in the target organelle. To test the hypothesis that a corresponding mechanism operates to transport phospholipids to the plasma membrane outside the secretory pathway, we investigated whether lysolipid acylation occurs also in the plant plasma membrane and whether this membrane, like the chloroplasts and mitochondria, is in close contact with the ER.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The plant plasma membrane readily incorporated the acyl chain of acyl-CoA into phospholipids. Oleic acid was preferred over palmitic acid as substrate and acyl incorporation occurred predominantly into phosphatidylcholine (PC). Phospholipase A₂stimulated the reaction, as did exogenous lysoPC when administered in above critical micellar concentrations. AgNO₃was inhibitory. The lysophospholipid acylation reaction was higher in a membrane fraction that could be washed off the isolated plasma membranes after repeated freezing and thawing cycles in a medium with lowered pH. This fraction exhibited several ER-like characteristics. When plasma membranes isolated from transgenic <it>Arabidopsis </it>expressing green fluorescent protein in the ER lumen were observed by confocal microscopy, membranes of ER origin were associated with the isolated plasma membranes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that a lysoPC acylation activity is associated with plant plasma membranes and cannot exclude a PC transacylase activity. It is highly plausible that the enzyme(s) resides in a fraction of the ER, closely associated with the plasma membrane, or in both. We suggest that this fraction might be the equivalent of the mitochondria associated membrane of ER origin that delivers phospholipids to the mitochondria, and to the recently isolated ER-derived membrane fraction that is in close contact with chloroplasts. The <it>in situ </it>function of the lysoPC acylation/PC transacylase activity is unknown, but involvement in lipid delivery from the ER to the plasma membrane is suggested.</p

Trichoderma viride cellulase induces resistance to the antibiotic pore-forming peptide alamethicin associated with changes in the plasma membrane lipid composition of tobacco BY-2 cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Alamethicin is a membrane-active peptide isolated from the beneficial root-colonising fungus <it>Trichoderma viride</it>. This peptide can insert into membranes to form voltage-dependent pores. We have previously shown that alamethicin efficiently permeabilises the plasma membrane, mitochondria and plastids of cultured plant cells. In the present investigation, tobacco cells (<it>Nicotiana tabacum </it>L. cv Bright Yellow-2) were pre-treated with elicitors of defence responses to study whether this would affect permeabilisation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Oxygen consumption experiments showed that added cellulase, already upon a limited cell wall digestion, induced a cellular resistance to alamethicin permeabilisation. This effect could not be elicited by xylanase or bacterial elicitors such as flg22 or elf18. The induction of alamethicin resistance was independent of novel protein synthesis. Also, the permeabilisation was unaffected by the membrane-depolarising agent FCCP. As judged by lipid analyses, isolated plasma membranes from cellulase-pretreated tobacco cells contained less negatively charged phospholipids (PS and PI), yet higher ratios of membrane lipid fatty acid to sterol and to protein, as compared to control membranes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We suggest that altered membrane lipid composition as induced by cellulase activity may render the cells resistant to alamethicin. This induced resistance could reflect a natural process where the plant cells alter their sensitivity to membrane pore-forming agents secreted by <it>Trichoderma spp</it>. to attack other microorganisms, and thus adding to the beneficial effect that <it>Trichoderma </it>has for plant root growth. Furthermore, our data extends previous reports on artificial membranes on the importance of lipid packing and charge for alamethicin permeabilisation to <it>in vivo </it>conditions.</p

Six Studies in Nineteenth-Century English Literature and Thought

122 p. 23 cm. Includes bibliography University of Kansas autho