Contour parallel milling tool path generation for arbitrary pocket shape using a fast marching method

Contour parallel tool paths are among the most widely used tool paths for planer milling operations. A number of exact as well as approximate methods are available for offsetting a closed boundary in order to generate a contour parallel tool path; however, the applicability of various offsetting methods is restricted because of limitations in dealing with pocket geometry with and without islands, the high computational costs, and numerical errors. Generation of cusps, segmentation of rarefied corners, and self-intersection during the offsetting operations and finding a unique offsetting solution for pocket with islands are among the associated problems in contour tool path generation. Most of methods are inherently incapable of dealing with such problems and use complex computational routines to identify and rectify these problems. Also, these rectifying techniques are heavily dependent on the type of geometry, and hence, the application of these techniques for arbitrary boundary conditions is limited and prone to errors. In this paper, a new mathematical method for generation of contour parallel tool paths is proposed which is inherently capable of dealing with the aforementioned problems. The method is based on a boundary value formulation of the offsetting problem and a fast marching method based solution for tool path generation. This method handles the topological changes during offsetting naturally and deals with the generation of discontinuities in the slopes by including an "entropy condition” in its numerical implementation. The appropriate modifications are carried out to achieve higher accuracy for milling operations. A number of examples are presented, and computational issues are discussed for tool path generatio

XRD ANALYSIS FOR COPPER-GRAPHITE METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

In the present examination, endeavors have been made for the creation of Cu-graphite MMC by customary and sparkle plasma sintering (SPS) methods. The MMCs were described by x-beam diffraction (XRD). Diverse mechanical properties like thickness, mass hardness and wear study were likewise led. XRD spectra demonstrate the nearness of Cu, graphite and Cu2O crests which demonstrates that no communication amongst Cu and graphite happens amid creation. The nearness of a frail pinnacle of Cu2O demonstrates that slight oxidation of Cu happens amid sintering. It has been found that expansion of graphite into copper does not bring about much change in hardness because of the delicate way of graphite. Nonetheless, 90% and 97 % of hypothetical thickness have been acquired for routine sintered and SPS tests individually. Greatest Vickers hardness estimation of around 100 has been accomplished for Cu-1 vol. % graphite MMC when it is created by SPS. Be that as it may, a hardness estimation of 65 has been acquired for the same composite when it is created by ordinary sintering at 900°C for 60 minutes. The micrographs of Cu-graphite mirror the perfect interface and great similarity amongst lattice and support.Â

Comparative study on burnout among Female Volleyball Players and Male Volleyball Players

The main purpose of the study was to compare the Burnout level of Female volleyball players and Male volleyball players. A total of 50 subjects in which 25 Female volleyball players & 25 Male volleyball players. The age of the subject ranged between 18-25 years. All samples were selected from Sports Authority of India centre; Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab. The selected samples at least participated in National level. To assess the Burnout level of selected samples; Burnout Inventory developed by Christina Maslach, Michael P. Leiter, Susan E. Jackson. This inventory is highly reliable and valid to assess the Burnout level of selected subjects. To compare the Burnout level of selected subjects‘t’ test was used and the level of significance was chosen 0.05 level. Results of the study have found that Male volleyball players have shown higher Burnout level as compared to Female volleyball players