26 research outputs found
Territorial extension and case law of the Court of Justice: Good administration and access to justice in procurement as a case study
This paper uses EU trade policy to explore some of the legal implications of the territorial extension or
extraterritoriality of EU public procurement law. The paperâs starting position is that, with this policy
and regulatory approach, the EU pursues two main goals: first, to further global standards of human
rights protection and, second, to further regulatory convergence toward its own procurement standards.
The paper concentrates on the pursuit of this second goal and, in particular, on the implications of
such territorial extension of EU procurement law for the case law of the Court of Justice on good
administration and access to justice, as recognised in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union. The paper concentrates on public procurement because of its relevance in free trade agreements
between the EU and third countries, as well as the relevance of legislative and case law requirements
concerning procurement remedies. The paper assesses both the outward and inward implications of the
territorial extension for the Court of Justiceâs case law. The discussion in the paper also raises general
issues concerning procedural design and the consideration of foreign law by the Court of Justice in
different settings
Local decarbonisation opportunities and barriers: UK public procurement legislation
Significant changes in public procurement are underway in the UK. Post-Brexit, the UK government is in the process of modifying the procurement rulebook. The new regime will be guided by the procurement strategy priorities of social value, jobs and net zero; however, the new approach to procurement foresees minimal rules and significant guidance. This paper explores implications of changing procurement legislation on the delivery of net zero at a local level in the UK. Particular focus lies on the many contracting authorities, such as county, city and district councils, that have declared climate emergencies and ambitions to decarbonise. Two case studies depicting the procurement of local net zero solutions, one on the Energy Efficient Scotland Programme and the other on place-based finance instruments, such as community municipal investments (CMIs), are used to identify existing opportunities and barriers to procure local net zero solutions with a particular focus on institutional governance. This paper concludes with a set of questions that need to be addressed to ensure that the changes to public procurement legislation are understood and that the institutional governance of intermediation can lead to outcomes that balance economic, social and environmental considerations across multiple scales.
Practice relevance
The absence of a rich approach to multilevel governance in the UK means that procurement is one of the few options currently available to many local authorities to deliver net zero at the local level. Given the scale of investments necessary to reach net zero, institutional governance is necessary to align top-down procurement and bottom-up finance with many other laws, policies and regulations. This paper explores the implications of changing procurement legislation on the delivery of net zero at a local level. Two case studies depicting the procurement of local net zero solutions (the Energy Efficient Scotland Programme and place-based finance instruments, e.g. CMIs) are used to identify existing opportunities and barriers to procure local net zero solutions. Guidance on understanding public procurement legislation is provided to ensure that the institutional governance of intermediation can lead to outcomes that balance economic, social and environmental considerations (especially decarbonisation) across multiple scales
Drug Resistance in Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Eukaryotic microbial pathogens are major contributors to illness and death globally. Although much of their impact can be controlled by drug therapy as with prokaryotic microorganisms, the emergence of drug resistance has threatened these treatment efforts. Here, we discuss the challenges posed by eukaryotic microbial pathogens and how these are similar to, or differ from, the challenges of prokaryotic antibiotic resistance. The therapies used for several major eukaryotic microorganisms are then detailed, and the mechanisms that they have evolved to overcome these therapies are described. The rapid emergence of resistance and the restricted pipeline of new drug therapies pose considerable risks to global health and are particularly acute in the developing world. Nonetheless, we detail how the integration of new technology, biological understanding, epidemiology and evolutionary analysis can help sustain existing therapies, anticipate the emergence of resistance or optimize the deployment of new therapies
Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level
Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- A nd middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs
Contacts et acculturations en Méditerranée occidentale
La question des contacts entre les diffĂ©rents peuples qui bordent les rives de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e nord occidentale est lâun des sujets phares de la recherche archĂ©ologique de ces trente derniĂšres annĂ©es. Que lâon parle dâĂ©poque archaĂŻque et classique ou de Protohistoire et dâĂąge du Fer, les Ă©changes et les processus dâacculturation de ces peuples qui entrĂšrent alors en contact les uns avec les autres : Grecs, Celtes, PhĂ©niciens, IbĂšres, Ligures, Ătrusques, ont retenu lâattention des chercheurs travaillant sur lâexpansion grecque dans ces rĂ©gions, sur les trafics commerciaux, sur les Ă©changes culturels. LâĆuvre de Michel Bats (Directeur de recherche honoraire du CNRS) traverse toutes ces thĂ©matiques : la prĂ©sence des PhocĂ©ens et des Ătrusques dans le bassin occidental de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, lâacculturation et les identitĂ©s ethno-culturelles, les recherches sur la cĂ©ramique et ses usages dans une perspective anthropologique, lâappropriation de lâĂ©criture par les sociĂ©tĂ©s protohistoriques. Ses collĂšgues et amis, en organisant ce colloque et en participant Ă ces actes, entendent lui tĂ©moigner leur amitiĂ© et leur dette intellectuelle. Ce volume rĂ©unit des articles des meilleurs spĂ©cialistes, actuels de la question - des chercheurs de toute la MĂ©diterranĂ©e - autour des quatre grands thĂšmes que nous venons dâĂ©voquer afin tout Ă la fois de dresser un bilan et de dĂ©finir de nouvelles perspectives. Cet ouvrage prĂ©sente donc aussi bien des synthĂšses - sur la prĂ©sence grecque en Espagne, sur lâorigine de lâĂ©criture, sur les pratiques funĂ©raires, sur les identitĂ©s culturelles et ethniques - que des dĂ©couvertes rĂ©centes concernant la thĂ©matique des contacts et de lâacculturation en MĂ©diterranĂ©e nord occidentale : lâagglomĂ©ration du Premier Ăąge du Fer de La Cougourlude (Lattes, HĂ©rault) fouillĂ©e durant lâĂ©tĂ© 2010 ; le sanctuaire hellĂ©nistique de Cumes et les fouilles rĂ©centes de Fratte en Italie ; les ateliers de potiers de Rosas en Espagne ; les derniĂšres dĂ©couvertes dâOlbia de Provence
The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries
DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0â36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8â100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5â93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3â82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76â50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44â18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23â1·56). For children aged 3â7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt
Reflexiones CrĂticas en Torno a la Disciplina del Comportamiento de Mercado del Comprador PĂșblico
Reflexiones CrĂticas en Torno a la Disciplina del Comportamiento de Mercado del Comprador PĂșblic