O papel do designer gráfico na crescente standardização da indústria gráfica

Neste artigo abordamos os fatores que levaram à renovação do oficio do designer gráfico, essencialmente no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento tecnológico das ferramentas que este profissional tem ao seu dispor. Todo o sector da indústria gráfica – pré-impressão, impressão e pós-impressão – sofreu grandes transformações principalmente ao nível tecnológico, organizacional e metodológico que levam a que o designer gráfico tenha de se adaptar e desenvolver novas valências que antes estavam entregues exclusivamente aos produtores gráficos. Estas evoluções tecnológicas levaram a que o sector das artes gráficas se transformasse progressivamente numa indústria gráfica, não havendo espaço à experimentação, ao artesanal ou às metodologias tentativa/erro anteriormente praticadas. Esta indústria acaba assim por se regular através de normas internacionais que ditam quais os parâmetros de qualidade a observar e de que forma estes podem ser alcançados. Neste artigo serão assinaladas as novas relações entre os diferentes atores do sector e qual o "novo" papel do designer gráfico numa indústria cada vez mais standardizadaABSTRACT: This article deals with the issues that led to the renewal graphic designer skills, mainly with regard to the technological development of the tools that this professional has at its disposal. All the graphic arts industry – pre-press, press and post-press – has changed considerably mainly technological, organizational and methodological level that lead graphic designer to adapt and develop new areas that were delivered only to graphic producers. These technological developments have led to the graphic arts sector gradually turn into a printing industry, with no space for experimentation, to craft or use attempt / error methodologies previously performed. This industry is now regulated through international standards that order what quality parameters should be observed and how these can be achieved. This article inform the new relationships between the different players of the sector and what the "new" graphic designer role in an increasingly standardized industry.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Late onset pityriasis rubra pilaris type IV treated with low-dose acitretin

Pityriasis rubra pilaris is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis of unknown etiology and great clinical variability. It has been divided into six categories. Types III, IV, and V occur in childhood and are distinguished by their clinical presentation, age of onset, and course. We report a 19-year-old male patient with a 2-week history of pruritic, scaling dermatosis of the hands, feet, elbows, and knees. He had no family history of skin disease. On physical examination, we observed circumscribed, reddish-orange, scaling plaques affecting the elbows and knees and a waxy palmoplantar keratoderma. The skin biopsy showed acanthosis, alternating orthokeratosis, parakeratosis, and follicular plugging suggestive of pityriasis rubra pilaris. The patient started treatment with oral acitretin, 25 mg every other day. The treatment was tolerated well, and after 6 months the lesions had resolved completely. Pityriasis rubra pilaris is a chronic papulosquamous disorder of unknown pathogenesis, characterized by reddish-orange scaly plaques, palmoplantar keratoderma, and keratotic follicular papules. There is still no consensus regarding the treatment, but therapeutic options include systemic retinoids, particularly acitretin in the recommended dose of 0.5 to 0.75 mg/kg/day. In our case, the patient was treated with a low-dose regimen of acitretin, which was effective and well tolerated.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cutaneous manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome: a review of the clinical features, diagnosis and management

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a relatively recent systemic autoimmune disorder defined by thrombotic events and/or obstetric complications in the presence of persistent elevated antiphospholipid antibodies. It is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and virtually any organ system or tissue may be affected by the consequences of vascular occlusion. Diagnosis is sometimes difficult and although classification criteria have been published and revised there remain ongoing issues regarding nomenclature, expanding clinical features, laboratory tests and management and much still has to be done. Cutaneous manifestations are common and frequently the first sign of the disease. Although extremely diverse it’s important to know which dermatological findings should prompt consideration of antiphospholipid syndrome and the appropriate management for those patients. Much has been debated about when to consider antiphospholipid syndrome and consensus still does not exist, however in spite of being a diagnostic challenge clinicians should know when to look for antiphospholipid antibodies since an early diagnosis is important to prevent further and serious complications. In this article we focus on the cutaneous features that should raise suspicion on the presence of antiphospholipid syndrome and on the complex management of such patients. Many other dermatological signs related to this syndrome have been described in the literature but only occasionally and without consistency or statistic impact and therefore will not be considered hereO síndrome antifosfolipidico é uma patologia auto-imune relativamente recente definida por eventos trombóticos e/ou complicações obstétricas na presença de anticorpos antifosfolípido elevados persistentes. Caracteriza-se por um vasto leque de apresentações clínicas e virtualmente qualquer sistema orgânico ou tecido pode ser afectado por oclusão vascular. O diagnóstico é por vezes difícil e, apesar de critérios de classificação terem sido publicados e revistos, muitas dúvidas persistem relativamente à nomenclatura, características clínicas, testes laboratoriais e abordagem destes doentes. As manifestações cutâneas são comuns e, frequentemente, o primeiro sinal da doença. Apesar da grande variabilidade, é importante reconhecer os achados dermatológicos que devem levantar a suspeita de um síndrome antifosfolipidico, assim como a abordagem adequada destes doentes. Muito tem sido debatido sobre quando considerar o diagnóstico desta entidade, não havendo ainda consenso neste assunto; no entanto, apesar de ser um desafio diagnóstico, é importante saber quando investigar a presença de anticorpos antifosfolípidos, uma vez que um diagnóstico precoce é crucial para prevenir complicações futuras graves. No presente artigo os autores descrevem as manifestações dermatológicas que devem fazer considerar o diagnóstico com enfoque na abordagem complexa destes doentes. Têm sido descritas na literatura muitas outras alterações cutâneas relacionadas com esta entidade, no entanto, apenas de forma ocasional e sem consistência ou impacto estatístico, pelo que não serão consideradas

Pyodermatitis vegetans of the vulva

Pyodermatitis vegetans (PV) is a rare inflammatory dermatosis of unknown etiology and difficult diagnosis characterized by vesiculopustular, exudative, and vegetating plaques usually localized in the axillary, genital, and oral region. It bears similarities to pemphigus vegetans but clinical history, histology, and immunofluorescence help confirm the diagnosis. Pyodermatitis vegetans is often associated with an underlying gastrointestinal disorder, especially ulcerative colitis. No standardized treatment plan is available for PV. Its evolution tends to follow the progression of the underlying disorder. We report a patient with vulvar PV with good response to systemic antibiotics and corticosteroids.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Case for diagnosis

Abstract We report a clinical case of a rare variant of pemphigus - pemphigus herpetiformis - which combines the clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis with the immunological findings of pemphigus. Due to its atypical presentation, it is frequently misdiagnosed as dermatitis herpetiformis. It is basically characterized by the herpetiform pattern of skin lesions, severe pruritus and by the presence of eosinophilic spongiosis confirmed on histopathology. We call attention to the excellent response to dapsone