Determinantes da emigração de Timor-Leste para o Reino Unido

Após o referendo sobre a independência da ocupação Indonésia, realizado a 30 de agosto de 1999, a emigração de Timor-Leste aumenta, com maior incidência para os países da OCDE e em especial para o Reino Unido. O presente estudo visa compreender as razões subjacentes ao abandono de um país recém-erguido e os motivos que levam à escolha de um destino migratório. Até à data, pouco se conhece sobre as motivações por detrás do fluxo emigratório. Recorremos a uma metodologia mista, qualitativa e quantitativa, aplicando entrevistas semiestruturadas e um inquérito por questionário anónimo, online e em papel. A nossa amostra é por conveniência, não probabilística, abrange 14 entrevistados e 238 participantes no inquérito por questionário. Os resultados de análise e discussão de estudo permitem-nos perceber que as questões económicas ligadas ao desemprego, emprego e salário nos dois mercados de trabalho, reunificações familiares e aquisição de capitais humanos foram apontadas como razões para a emigração. Os fatores climáticos, culturais e a língua foram barreiras no início da assimilação e da adoção, porém foram ultrapassados com apoios de redes familiares e amigos já residentes, o foco ao trabalho, e nalguns casos com presenças de membros familiares. Têm sido mantidas práticas de transnacionalismo nomeadamente o envio de remessas e as visitas a Timor-Leste. Estes emigrantes apresentam perspetivas de retornos, contudo precisam ver o futuro dos filhos e poupar dinheiro para mais tarde criar autoemprego.After referendum on 30th of August 1999 and being an independent country, emigration from Timor-Leste increases, with a greater incidence to OECD countries and especially for the United Kingdom. This study aims to understand the reasons underlying the abandonment of this newly built country and the reasons leading to the choice of a migratory destination. Until now, little is known about the motivations behind the emigration flow. We use a mixed methodology: qualitative and quantitative, which included the use of semi-structured interviews and an inquiry via anonymous online and paper questionnaire. Our convenience sample is non-probabilistic, covering 14 interviewees and 238 questionnaires participants of Timorese residents in the United Kingdom. The analysis and discussion from this study shows that the economic namely unemployment, jobs, and wages in the two labour markets, family reunification and human capital acquisition were surfaced as reasons for emigration. Climatic, cultural and language factors were identified as barriers at the beginning of assimilation and adaptation, but these were overcome by support from family networks and friends in the host country. Other challenges are sometimes the presence of family members and purely focus on work. Transnationalism practices have been maintained, namely sending remittances and visit to Timor-Leste. They present the prospects of returning home; however, they prioritize their children's future and at the same time would like to save money in order to initiate their own business in the future at home

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)