SAMI: Service-Based Arbitrated Multi-Tier Infrastructure for Mobile Cloud Computing

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is the state-ofthe- art mobile computing technology aims to alleviate resource poverty of mobile devices. Recently, several approaches and techniques have been proposed to augment mobile devices by leveraging cloud computing. However, long-WAN latency and trust are still two major issues in MCC that hinder its vision. In this paper, we analyze MCC and discuss its issues. We leverage Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to propose an arbitrated multi-tier infrastructure model named SAMI for MCC. Our architecture consists of three major layers, namely SOA, arbitrator, and infrastructure. The main strength of this architecture is in its multi-tier infrastructure layer which leverages infrastructures from three main sources of Clouds, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), and MNOs' authorized dealers. On top of the infrastructure layer, an arbitrator layer is designed to classify Services and allocate them the suitable resources based on several metrics such as resource requirement, latency and security. Utilizing SAMI facilitate development and deployment of service-based platform-neutral mobile applications.Comment: 6 full pages, accepted for publication in IEEE MobiCC'12 conference, MobiCC 2012:IEEE Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Beijing, Chin

Mobile Cloud Computing: A Review on Smartphone Augmentation Approaches

Smartphones have recently gained significant popularity in heavy mobile processing while users are increasing their expectations toward rich computing experience. However, resource limitations and current mobile computing advancements hinder this vision. Therefore, resource-intensive application execution remains a challenging task in mobile computing that necessitates device augmentation. In this article, smartphone augmentation approaches are reviewed and classified in two main groups, namely hardware and software. Generating high-end hardware is a subset of hardware augmentation approaches, whereas conserving local resource and reducing resource requirements approaches are grouped under software augmentation methods. Our study advocates that consreving smartphones' native resources, which is mainly done via task offloading, is more appropriate for already-developed applications than new ones, due to costly re-development process. Cloud computing has recently obtained momentous ground as one of the major cornerstone technologies in augmenting smartphones. We present sample execution model for intensive mobile applications and devised taxonomy of augmentation approaches. For better comprehension, the results of this study are summarized in a table

Tripod of Requirements in Horizontal Heterogeneous Mobile Cloud Computing

Recent trend of mobile computing is emerging toward executing resource-intensive applications in mobile devices regardless of underlying resource restrictions (e.g. limited processor and energy) that necessitate imminent technologies. Prosperity of cloud computing in stationary computers breeds Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) technology that aims to augment computing and storage capabilities of mobile devices besides conserving energy. However, MCC is more heterogeneous and unreliable (due to wireless connectivity) compare to cloud computing. Problems like variations in OS, data fragmentation, and security and privacy discourage and decelerate implementation and pervasiveness of MCC. In this paper, we describe MCC as a horizontal heterogeneous ecosystem and identify thirteen critical metrics and approaches that influence on mobile-cloud solutions and success of MCC. We divide them into three major classes, namely ubiquity, trust, and energy efficiency and devise a tripod of requirements in MCC. Our proposed tripod shows that success of MCC is achievable by reducing mobility challenges (e.g. seamless connectivity, fragmentation), increasing trust, and enhancing energy efficiency

A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Findings of COVID-19 between Intensive Care Unit and Non-Intensive Care Unit Pediatric Patients: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study from Iranian Network for Research in Viral

Introduction: To date, little is known about the clinical features of pediatric COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Objective: Herein, we aimed to describe the differences in demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, clinical presentations, and outcomes of Iranian pediatric COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU versus those in non-ICU settings. Methods: This multicenter investigation involved 15 general and pediatrics hospitals and included cases with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection based on positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) admitted to these centers between March and May 2020, during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Results: Overall, 166 patients were included, 61 (36.7%) of whom required ICU admission. The highest number of admitted cases to ICU were in the age group of 1–5 years old. Malignancy and heart diseases were the most frequent underlying conditions. Dyspnea was the major symptom for ICU-admitted patients. There were significant decreases in PH, HCO3 and base excess, as well as increases in creatinine, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and potassium levels between ICU-admitted and non-ICU patients. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, and acute cardiac injury were the most common features among ICU-admitted patients. The mortality rate in the ICU-admitted patients was substantially higher than non-ICU cases (45.9% vs. 1.9%, respectively; p<0.001). Conclusions: Underlying diseases were the major risk factors for the increased ICU admissions and mortality rates in pediatric COVID-19 patients. There were few paraclinical parameters that could differentiate between pediatrics in terms of prognosis and serious outcomes of COVID-19. Healthcare providers should consider children as a high-risk group, especially those with underlying medical conditions

A lightweight heterogeneous hybrid mobile cloud computing framework for compute-intensive mobile applications / Zohreh Sanaei Moghaddam

The state-of-the-art Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) paradigm has gained a momentous ground to mitigate mobile devices’ shortcomings (i.e., computing and energy) by outsourcing resource-intensivemobile tasks to the cloud. Researchers have proposed solutions for compute-intensive mobile applications by leveraging varied types of cloud-based resources, particularly coarse, medium, and fine granular cloud resources. Coarse-grained cloud resources feature high scalability and low locality that originates communication latency, fine-grained resources offer low scalability and high locality that leads to computation latency, and medium-grained resources provide medium scalability and locality breeding communication and computing latency. Such communication and computation latencies negatively impact on energy efficiency and response time of compute-intensive mobile applications leading to mobile application performance degradation. As a result, leveraging vertical heterogeneous granular cloud resources creates a bottleneck of limited computing and communication capabilities which results in increased response time and energy consumption. Vertical heterogeneity rises within one type of granular resources, like coarse or fine. This research is undertaken with the aim to obtain efficient computation outsourcing for compute-intensive mobile applications using horizontally heterogeneous granular cloud-based resource. Horizontal heterogeneity happens across varied types of granular resources, like coarse and fine. Using a series of benchmarking experiments we investigate the impacts of computation and communication latencies of granular resources on round-trip time and energy consumption of compute-intensive mobile applications and establish the research problem. Moreover, we propose a lightweight heterogeneous hybrid MCC framework for compute-intensive mobile applications that aims to reduce response time and prevent energy dissipation on mobile devices. We analyse execution of a compute-intensive mobile application considering two performance metrics, namely Round-Trip Time (RTT) and Energy Consumption (EC) in two execution models of local and hybrid. We evaluate performance of the proposed framework in real environment and validate the results through statistical modelling. The results of RTT analysis advocates average of 93.5% RTT saving in hybrid mode compared with local mode and the EC analysis results testify average of 94% energy saving in hybrid mode compared with local mode. The results express that utilizing heterogeneous hybrid cloud-based computing resources can significantly reduce RTT and EC of mobile device in hybrid mode compared with local mode execution

MOMCC: market-oriented architecture for mobile cloud computing based on service oriented architecture

The vision of augmenting computing capabilities of mobile devices, especially smartphones with least cost is likely transforming to reality leveraging cloud computing. Cloud exploitation by mobile devices breeds a new research domain called Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). However, issues like portability and interoperability should be addressed for mobile augmentation which is a non-trivial task using component-based approaches. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a promising design philosophy embraced by mobile computing and cloud computing communities to stimulate portable, complex application using prefabricated building blocks called Services. Utilizing distant cloud resources to host and run Services is hampered by long WAN latency. Exploiting mobile devices in vicinity alleviates long WAN latency, while creates new set of issues like Service publishing and discovery as well as client-server security, reliability, and Service availability. In this paper, we propose a market-oriented architecture based on SOA to stimulate publishing, discovering, and hosting Services on nearby mobiles, which reduces long WAN latency and creates a business opportunity that encourages mobile owners to embrace Service hosting. Group of mobile phones simulate a nearby cloud computing platform. We create new role of \textit{Service host} by enabling unskilled mobile owners/users to host Services developed by skilled developers. Evidently, Service availability, reliability, and Service-oriented mobile application portability will increase towards green ubiquitous computing in our mobile cloud infrastructure

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS 1 Heterogeneity in Mobile Cloud Computing: Taxonomy and Open Challenges

Abstract—The unabated flurry of research activities to augment various mobile devices by leveraging heterogeneous cloud resources has created a new research domain called Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). In the core of such a non-uniform environment, facilitating interoperability, portability, and integration among heterogeneous platforms is nontrivial. Building such facilitators in MCC requires investigations to understand heterogeneity and its challenges over the roots. Although there are many research studies in mobile computing and cloud computing, convergence of these two areas grants further academic efforts towards flourishing MCC. In this paper, we define MCC, explain its major challenges, discuss heterogeneity in convergent computing (i.e. mobile computing and cloud computing) and networking (wired and wireless networks), and divide it into two dimensions, namely vertical and horizontal. Heterogeneity roots are analyzed and taxonomized as hardware, platform, feature, API, and network. Multidimensional heterogeneity in MCC results in application and code fragmentation problems that impede development of cross-platform mobile applications which is mathematically described. The impacts of heterogeneity in MCC are investigated, related opportunities and challenges are identified, and predominant heterogeneity handling approaches like virtualization, middleware, and service oriented architecture (SOA) are discussed. We outline open issues that help in identifying new research directions in MCC

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION 1 Cloud-Based Augmentation for Mobile Devices: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Open Challenges

approaches have gained remarkable ground from academia and industry. CMA is the state-of-the-art mobile augmentation model that employs resource-rich clouds to increase, enhance, and optimize computing capabilities of mobile devices aiming at execution of resource-intensive mobile applications. Augmented mobile devices envision to perform extensive computations and to store big data beyond their intrinsic capabilities with least footprint and vulnerability. Researchers utilize varied cloudbased computing resources (e.g., distant clouds and nearby mobile nodes) to meet various computing requirements of mobile users. However, employing cloud-based computing resources is not a straightforward panacea. Comprehending critical factors (e.g., current state of mobile client and remote resources) that impact on augmentation process and optimum selection of cloudbased resource types are some challenges that hinder CM