Deterrence analysis of compliance with fishery regulations among artisanal fishers in Sudan

This study analysed causes of the problem of over-fishing in the Jebel Aulia Reservoir (JAR) in Sudan and investigated reasons behind the failure of current management and policy regimes to promote sustainable management and exploitation of fishery in this reservoir. To achieve these objectives existing analytical frameworks and methodological approaches to study noncompliance with regulations have been adapted to allow two important extensions: (1) using frequency instead of intensity as a measure of violation rate and, (2) modifying the probability of detection to depend on time to account for frequency of violation. The adapted analytical models have then been empirically implemented to develop a typology of fishers according to violation rates and to analyse determinants of noncompliance and extent of violation with mesh size regulations among artisanal fishers in the JAR. This study represents the first research effort investigating causes and implications of illegal fishing and noncompliance with fishery regulations in Sudan in general and particularly in the JAR. The study extended the two times dynamic deterrence model (DDM) to use frequency instead of intensity of noncompliance as a measure of violation rate. The method of comparative statics was employed to derive analytical results on the sensitivity of optimal violation to a number of key factors of high relevance to compliance with regulations designed to protect against over-fishing. Analytical results obtained with this extended DDM confirmed the findings of earlier empirical studies employing alternative static and dynamic formulations and revealed interesting economic meanings of modelled relations. The study concludes that a number of factors related to market and institutional failures make frequency more suitable than intensity as a measure of violation in artisanal fisheries of developing countries. Applications of DDM have so far been limited to the case of constant probability of detection, which assumes independence of the length of time to detection. One objective of this study was therefore to modify the DDM to allow for more flexible and broader specification by introducing two important variables to the supply of offences function, namely, evasion activity and enforcement efforts .One of the major modifications made by this study is modelling the probability of detection as a Cox proportional hazard model instead of the survival hazard used in the literature. The new modelling of probability of detection also makes the previous specification only one of the three versions of the new model, since the new model accommodates the situations of constant and inconstant probability of detection. The results of comparative statics analysis revealed important potential ways of extending the standard DDM to allow for optimal choice among critical trade-offs between evasion efforts and violation rates. The study then applied the adapted DDM to empirically analyse and test specific hypotheses about artisanal fishers‘ compliance behaviour using data from a survey of artisanal fishers in the JAR area. Survey data was collected from a sample of 241 fishers from five landing sites at the study area. Factors that determine the probability of violation as well as the extent of violation were analysed employing an ordered Probit model and a count data model respectively, in two steps. The first step analysed the determinants of the choice to belong to one of the defined fishers‘ typologies. In the second step, a zero truncated negative binomial model was applied to analyse determinants of the extent and frequency of violation among violators only. Results of the empirical analyses suggest that fishers seem to care more about the size of the penalty than the presence of regulation enforcing agents as a deterrent, mainly due to corrupt options and effective evasion activities used by fishers. The study also suggests that better education of fishermen is necessary, as well as the provision of alternative income generating activities especially during the fish reproduction season, access to credit for ownership of legal nets, and finally, effective regulation of the importation of illegal nets will be necessary to enhance compliance with mesh size regulations in Sudan. It is also necessary to promote community level organisation and awareness campaigns among fishers about the dangers for future fish stocks of eroding small fish quantities through the use of illegal nets and consequently endangering the social welfare of all.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Developmentunrestricte

Towards Sustainable Food System in Qatar: Household Food Waste and Consumption Behavior

It has been proofed that food wastage can be recognized at all level of food life cycle i.e. harvesting, manufacturing, distributing however, the largest contribution to food waste is the consumption stage by household. According to Parfitt et al, 2010; WRI, 2013 “household food waste” is define as the total losses that occur at the end of food lifecycle, which is final consumption, we consider the issue of waste of food as a deeply rooted issue of consumption behaviors, (Den 2008; Bowman 2007; Dogs 2002), and many commentators argue that domestic food waste is strongly influenced by consumer behaviors (Wharton, 2014). In the Arab countries, especially in the Gulf countries, high levels of food waste of recorded due to the social customs and traditions that control consumption patterns. Research efforts on the waste of food in the State of Qatar is very few and does not cover all Food waste, production and consumption chain, which start from production through delivery, storage, packaging, selling, and consumption. Through computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) with 1684 respondents This study covered the stage after purchase and consumption, aimed to understand the attitudes and behavior of individuals in Qatar towards food waste , and to identify types of food are often wasted and estimated the amount of waste as well. Survey respondents provided reason of food waste and Results indicate that people have an awareness regard food waste Furthermore; the study found out having more children was associated with reduced food waste perception and high-income households were strongly associated with increase in perception of food wastage as the income increases. Moreover, family give the persons a sense of responsibility towards food waste

The Effect of ICT on CO2 Emissions in the GCC Countries: Does Globalization Matter?

Despite the significant impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on environment, whether globalization enhances the role of ICT in environmental quality is a question that received limited research attention. This paper examines the impact of ICTs on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the presence of globalization in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries for the period of 1995–2018. The study adopted the mean group (MG) and augmented mean group (AMG) estimation methods to address the problems of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. Unexpectedly, the results of both MG and AMG revealed that the spread of ICT exerts positive and significant impact on CO2 emissions, implying that ICTs worsening the environment in GCC countries. However, the adverse impact of ICTs on CO2 emissions can be mitigated through globalization process. Therefore, policy makers in GCC countries should utilize globalization process, adopting advanced energy-saving technologies that reduce energy consumption and improve environmental quality

Legitimacy and ethics or deterrence factors : which are more important for compliance with regulations among the artisanal fishers of Sudan?

This study applied a modified deterrence model to evaluate the effectiveness of legitimacy and ethical factors compared to deterrence measures for compliance with mesh size regulation in the Jebel Aulia Reservoir of Sudan. The ordered probit and zero-truncated negative binomial models were employed to examine influences of determining factors on the choice between typologies of violators and non-violators, and then on frequency of violations (extent) respectively. Reported violation rates were high (87.5%), combined with weak enforcement and effective evasion used by almost all (97%) violators, leading to a low probability of detection, as only 28% of violators were caught. This is consistent with widely observed phenomena in developing countries, calling for increased efficacy of detection, monitoring and enforcement of regulations and higher penalties to fight non-compliance. The study also confirmed the high importance of legitimacy and ethical factors, suggesting that the involvement of stakeholders in the process of designing, monitoring and enforcing regulations is crucial as a process factor that may be more important than mere deterrence measures. This advocates for participatory co-management systems that are most likely to be more effective than top-down mechanisms in promoting compliance. The study also suggests that investments in the education of fishermen, the provision of alternative income and employment opportunities outside of fishing, access to credit to finance the acquisition of legal nets, and the effective regulation of importation of illegal nets will be necessary for enhancing compliance with mesh size regulation in Sudan.http://www.aaae-africa.org/afjare/am201

Natural resource modeling : allowing for inconstant probability of detection and frequency measures of violation within dynamic deterrence fishery models

The dynamic deterrence model (DDM) represents an analytical framework widely used for analyzing compliance with fishery regulations aiming for sustainable fishery management. However, applications of the DDM have so far been limited to the case of constant probability of detection that assumes independence of the length of time to detection. This paper modifies the DDM to allow for more flexible and broader specification by introducing, for the first time, two important variables to the supply of offences function, namely evasion activity and enforcement efforts and accommodating inconstant probability of detection specifications. Determinants of probability of detection are specified and important potential extensions of the modified DDM are discussed in this paper. The relative magnitude of the effects of each of these determinants on probability of detection, however, remains an important empirical question that requires further investigation for prioritization of policy actions.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1939-7445/hb201

Contribution of Non-profit Organizations to Food Security and Sustainability in the State of Qatar

Despite the relatively long experience of charitable organizations in social and humanitarian aspects in Qatar, little is known about their role in food security and sustainability. This chapter sheds light on the issue of food waste and assesses the role of non-profit organizations in food security and sustainability in the State of Qatar. The analysis is based on data sourced from two active non-profit organizations working on food surplus and redistribution in Qatar, namely, Hifz Al Naema and Wahab. The results indicate that the organizations under study are exerting a considerable effort to maintain food security and to reduce food waste, and their intervention increase over time. However, despite the sizable efforts exerted by charitable organizations to sustain food security, the issue of food surplus in Qatar still is a puzzling problem. The chapter recommends that collective cooperation between academics, government entities, and civil society would help in designing an effective strategy that aims to sustain food security. Moreover, policymakers need to support and encourage charitable organizations to participate in managing, sustaining, and achieving food security. Therefore, allocating grants and facilities to organizations that operate in food waste management would stimulate the charitable societies to contribute to food sustainability.This [chapter] is part of Qatar University Q-grant-H3P [“QPH3P-SESRI-2021-450”]. The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors

Health impact of indoor air pollution in the gulf region: A review

Factors such as unfavorable meteorological conditions within the Gulf region force citizens to spend a considerable amount of time in their homes. Indoor air quality in the Arabian Gulf is rapidly becoming an issue of vital concern that requires urgent governmental intervention and control measures as well as increased in-depth research on likely health consequences. In this review, we surveyed the current literature on the potential health impact of daily household activities in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries like Qatar where practiced traditions such as burning incense and scented candles are commonplace. These may increase indoor pollution levels, and worsen the health conditions of residents. The main goal of this review is to assess the extent of common indoor pollutants and suggest strategies of pollution control that may alleviate pollution concentration in an indoor environment. Creating awareness about the most common sources of indoor air pollution in the GCC may help improve health promotion and lifestyle changes, especially with respect to reproductive health that is a major concern in the region. The government may also explore recommendations for more environmentally friendly incense and organic candles

سياسات معالجة الأسماك وتصنيعها وتطوير المصائد السمكية بدولة قطر

The second National Development Strategy (NDS) of the State of Qatar 2018–2022 aims to achieve 90% self sufficiency in fish production by 2023 and balance food production with conservation of natural resources by promoting responsible consumption of food products. The high demand for fresh fish has shed light on the importance of managing the fishery sector in a sustainable way to avoid overfishing and stock extinction. One way to achieve this is to shift to processed fish consumption as a step toward supporting the growing economic diversification. The government actively works to encourage local investors and foreign companies to invest in food products in the country. This is done by the use of the latest technologies and modern methods to provide fresh and healthy food to citizens and residents in Qatar following the Standardization Organization for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. The Social and Economic Survey Research Institute [SESRI] conducted its fifteenth in 2019 “Qatar Semi-Annual Survey” [QSAS] through telephone interviews of 1,354 participants (Qataris and residents) living in Qatar. The survey covered various topics and included a section dedicated to the fishery sector. This report presents consumers’ perceptions toward the consumption of processed fish as well as fish safety and quality standards in order to provide policy recommendations that may help both investors and the government in achieving sustainable development in the fishery sector in Qatar

الجوانب الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية لاستهلاك الأسماك في قطر

After the blockade in 2017, Qatar has undergone an important development of shifting from full dependency on food imports to self-sufficiency in perishable foods. Qatar has launched a food security strategy 2018-2023; therefore, research studies on fish consumption becomes very important for the strategy. Studying fish consumption will help estimate local demand and hence identify the gap between production and imports. The study may also help decision makers to understand the socio-economic characteristics and attitudes of consumers, which assists in improving their satisfaction and regulating markets. The study’s results showed that fish production in Qatar meets all food security indicators. The study examined the differences in fish consumption among Qatar’s society, in relation with socioeconomic factors such as employment, education and health awareness and fish species. The study also found that half of Qataris are willing to consume “Tilapia”, an emerging freshwater species in Qatar produced as aquaculture product, which should help reduce the consumption pressure on species in high demand and preserve diversity

Towards sustainable food production systems in Qatar: Assessment of the viability of aquaponics

Biophysical environments, socio-economic, and political shocks that hamper food production and affect access to food are a treat towards a country's capacity to achieve and maintain food security. Over the past couple of decades, food production at a commercial scale in non-traditional food production environments have been emerging. Among other agricultural systems, the opportunities aquaponics systems present are becoming more apparent. Nonetheless, aquaponics' ability to bring together hydroponics and aquaculture to produce nutritious food has prompted more attention in terms of its economic viability and sustainability. In this paper, we present the reasons why aquaponics might be part of the solution in arid countries with particular focus on the State of Qatar