Intestinal expression of pro-infiammatory cytokines induced by oral intake of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli in weaned pigs

Background: treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli are an accepted way of inducing inflammation in immunological studies since they have the ability to activate a coordinate series of signs through the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which can cause significant changes in intestinal structure and functionality. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding LPS of E. coli on pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression IL-8, IL-18 and TNF-α in early-weaned pigs. Methods: fieldwork was conducted at Centro San Pablo, belonging to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia with 32 pigs at 21 days of age, with 6.5 ± 0.5 kg of weight. Animals were fed with a basal diet supplemented with two levels of inclusion of LPS of E. coli serotype 0111:B4 (0 to 0.3 μg/mg of food). Pigs were slaughtered in stages on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 postweaning and complete extraction of small intestine was made. Gene expression was evaluated by qPCR. Blocks at random in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4 were used as statistical design. Results: the basal diet (without addition of LPS) presented increase in mRNA expression (p<0.01) of all the cytokines in jejunum for each post-weaning day, which suggests an inflammatory response and extensive tissue damage in pigs after early weaning. In diet 1 (with consumption of 0.3 μg LPS / mg diet) cytokines TNF-α, IL-8 and IL- 18 showed a significant increase in their levels of expression (p<0.01). All cytokines presented significant increase (p<0.01) in jejunum for each post-weaning day. Conclusion: The increase observed in the expression of TNF-α can be involved in the development of post-weaning diarrhea

Intestinal expression of pro-infiammatory cytokines induced by oral intake of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli in weaned pigs

Antecedentes: los tratamientos con lipopolisacáridos (LPS) de E. coli son una forma aceptada para inducción de inflamación en estudios inmunológicos ya que tienen la capacidad de activar una gran variedad de rutas de señalización a través de la síntesis de citoquinas proinflamatorias, tales como interleuquina 8 (IL- 8), IL-18 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α), las cuales pueden provocar cambios importantes en la estructura y funcionalidad intestinal. Objetivo: el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la adición de LPS de E. coli sobre la expresión génica de las citoquinas proinflamatorias IL-8, IL-18, y TNF-α en lechones recién destetados. Métodos: este trabajo se realizó con 32 lechones de 21 días de edad, con un peso de 6,5 ± 0,5 kg en el Centro San Pablo, perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Los animales fueron alimentados con una dieta basal adicionada con dos niveles de inclusión de LPS de E. coli serotipo 0111:B4 (0 y 0,3 μg/mg de alimento). Los animales se sacrificaron escalonadamente los días 1, 5, 7 y 10 posdestete, y se realizó extracción completa del intestino delgado. Se evaluó la expresión génica por qPCR. El diseño estadístico empleado fue de bloques al azar en un arreglo factorial de 2X4. Resultados: la dieta basal (sin adición de LPS) presentó incremento en la expresión de mRNA (p<0,01) de todas las citoquinas en yeyuno para cada día posdestete, lo que sugiere una respuesta inflamatoria y grandes daños tisulares en el lechón luego del destete precoz. En la dieta 1 (con consumo de 0,3 µg LPS /mg dieta) las citoquinas TNF-α, IL-8, e IL-18 presentaron incrementos significativos en sus niveles de expresión (p<0,01). Todas las citoquinas presentaron incremento significativo (p<0,01) en yeyuno para cada uno de los días posdestete. Conclusión: el incremento observado en la expresión de TNF-α puede estar implicado en el desarrollo de diarreas posdestete.Background: treatments with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli are an accepted way of inducing inflammation in immunological studies since they have the ability to activate a coordinate series of signs through the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which can cause significant changes in intestinal structure and functionality. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding LPS of E. coli on pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression IL-8, IL-18 and TNF-α in early-weaned pigs. Methods: fieldwork was conducted at Centro San Pablo, belonging to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia with 32 pigs at 21 days of age, with 6.5 ± 0.5 kg of weight. Animals were fed with a basal diet supplemented with two levels of inclusion of LPS of E. coli serotype 0111:B4 (0 to 0.3 μg/mg of food). Pigs were slaughtered in stages on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 postweaning and complete extraction of small intestine was made. Gene expression was evaluated by qPCR. Blocks at random in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4 were used as statistical design. Results: the basal diet (without addition of LPS) presented increase in mRNA expression (p<0.01) of all the cytokines in jejunum for each post-weaning day, which suggests an inflammatory response and extensive tissue damage in pigs after early weaning. In diet 1 (with consumption of 0.3 μg LPS / mg diet) cytokines TNF-α, IL-8 and IL- 18 showed a significant increase in their levels of expression (p<0.01). All cytokines presented significant increase (p<0.01) in jejunum for each post-weaning day. Conclusion: The increase observed in the expression of TNF-α can be involved in the development of post-weaning diarrhea.Antecedentes: os tratamentos com lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) de E.coli são uma forma aceita de indução de inflamação para estudos imunológicos quanto que têm a capacidade de ativar uma grande variedade de vias de sinalização através da síntese de citocinas pró-inflamatórias tais como a interleucina 8 (IL-8), IL-18 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), o que pode causar alterações importantes na estrutura e funcionalidade do intestino. Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo a adição de LPS de E. coli sobre a expressão génica das citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-8, IL-18 e TNF-α em leitões desmamados. Métodos: este trabalho foi feito com 32 leitões de 21 dias de idade, com um peso de 6,5 ± 0,5 kg no Centro San Pablo, pertencente à Universidade Nacional de Colômbia. Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta basal adicionada com dois níveis de inclusão de LPS de E. coli serotipo 0111:B4 (0 y 0,3 μg/mg de alimento). Os animais foram sacrificados nos dias 5, 7 e 10 após o desmame, e foi realizada a remoção completa do intestino delgado. A expressão do gene foi avaliada por qPCR. O desenho estatístico empregado foi de bloco ao acaso num fatorial de 2x4. Resultados: a dieta basal (sem LPS adicionado) mostrou aumento da expressão de mRNA (p<0,01) de todas as citocinas no jejuno para cada dia após o desmame, sugerindo uma resposta inflamatória e grande danos teciduais no porco após o desmame precoce. Na dieta 1 (com um consumo de 0,3 mg de LPS / mg dieta) citocinas TNF-a, IL-8 e IL-18 mostraram aumentos significativos nos níveis de expressão (p<0,01). Todas as citocinas mostraram aumento significativo (p<0,01) no jejuno, para cada um dos dias após o desmame. Conclusão: o aumento observado na expressão de TNF-α pode estar envolvido no desenvolvimento de diarreia pós-desmame

The elementome of calcium-based urinary stones and its role in urolithiasis

Urolithiasis affects around 10% of the US population with an increasing rate of prevalence, recurrence and penetrance. The causes for the formation of most urinary calculi remain poorly understood, but obtaining the chemical composition of these stones might help identify key aspects of this process and new targets for treatment. The majority of urinary stones are composed of calcium that is complexed in a crystalline matrix with organic and inorganic components. Surprisingly, mitigation of urolithiasis risk by altering calcium homeostasis has not been very effective. Thus, studies to identify other therapeutic stone-specific targets, using proteomics, metabolomics and microscopy techniques, have been conducted, revealing a high level of complexity. The data suggest that numerous metals other than calcium and many nonmetals are present within calculi at measurable levels and several have distinct distribution patterns. Manipulation of the levels of some of these elemental components of calcium-based stones has resulted in clinically beneficial changes in stone chemistry and rate of stone formation. The elementome - the full spectrum of elemental content - of calcium-based urinary calculi is emerging as a new concept in stone research that continues to provide important insights for improved understanding and prevention of urinary stone disease