Conception de ligands chiraux de type 2,2'-bipyridinediol et leur utilisation en catalyse asymétrique

En catalyse asymétrique, des efforts considérables ont été portés à la meilleure compréhension du processus énantiosélectif à l'état de transition via la proposition de conformations possibles adoptées par le substrat dans l'environnement chiral du catalyseur. L'architecture moléculaire de plusieurs complexes organométalliques inspire la conception de nouveaux ligands chiraux de manière à profiter de fonctionnalités particulières intégrées avec le but d'améliorer leur efficacité en synthèse énantiosélective. Dans cette optique, la présente thèse de doctorat vise à établir de nouvelles applications de systèmes catalytiques formés de ligands chiraux de type 2,2'-bipyridinediol de symétrie C₂ et d'acides de Lewis bénins pour l'environnement, et ce, pour des réactions classiques de la chimie organique. Ces complexes organométalliques chiraux à base de Feᴵᴵ, de Feᴵᴵᴵ , de Biᴵᴵᴵ et de Znᴵᴵ , générés in situ, ont été employés en catalyse énantiosélective pour les réactions d'aldolisation de Mukaiyama, d'addition de Michael de thiols, de Diels-Alder, d'oxydation de sulfures aromatiques et d'alkylation d'aldéhydes avec le diéthylzinc. La réaction d'addition conjuguée de thiols catalysée par des sels de Feᴵᴵ a permis la synthèse de β-thioéthers obtenus soit sous la forme d'un énantiomère majoritaire (23 exemples, jusqu'à 98% de rendement et 96:4 er), soit sous la forme d'un mélange racémique (27 exemples, jusqu'à 99% de rendement). Aussi, le processus d'optimisation pour la catalyse d'oxydation d'un sulfure aromatique effectuée par un complexe chiral de Biᴵᴵᴵ a permis d'obtenir le sulfoxyde correspondant avec 72% de rendement et une sélectivité de 83:17 er. Outre le développement de nouvelles méthodologies de synthèse stéréosélective, la conception de nouveaux ligands 2,2'-bipyridinediols analogues, conduisant à des propriétés stériques et/ou électroniques modifiées, a aussi été étudiée. Avec les connaissances acquises sur les résultats obtenus avec le ligand 2,2'-bipyridine-α,α՚-tert-butyldiol modèle, les motifs de substitution 3,3'-diméthyle (99% de, >99.5% ee; énantiomère S,S), α,α'-1-adamantyle (98% de, >99.5% ee; énantiomère S,S) et α,α'-trifluorométhyle (97% de, >99% ee et >99.5% de, >99.5% ee; énantiomères R,R et S,S) ont été judicieusement choisis avec l'ambition de moduler positivement l'induction chirale. Les étapes réactionnelles, les intermédiaires de réaction et les configurations absolues des centres asymétriques sont détaillés et discutés pour chaque processus synthétique menant à l'obtention du ligand 2,2'-bipyridinediol ciblé. Des informations structurelles sur l'environnement chiral de complexes de Feᴵᴵ (2) et de Znᴵᴵ (1) formés par ces ligands originaux ont été obtenues par des analyses par la diffraction des rayons X de leurs monocristaux. Pour des réactions de référence sélectionnées, les stéréosélectivités obtenues par ces nouveaux catalyseurs ont permis la comparaison de leur efficacité et la vérification de l'hypothèse initiale visant à bonifier les événements stéréosélectifs. Les hauts niveaux de stéréosélectivité atteints par l'utilisation du ligand 2,2'-bipyridine-α,α'-tBu-diol modèle ont été surpassés par l'utilisation d'un de ces ligands nouvellement synthétisés pour l'une des quatre réactions asymétriques étudiées: i) aldolisation de Mukaiyama, ii) addition de thia-Michael, iii) Diels-Alder et iv) éthylation d'aldéhydes. Finalement, le projet ambitieux d'arrimer la 2,2'-bipyridine-α,α'-tBu-diol chirale sur un matériau silice pour des applications en catalyse hétérogène a été initié. Malgré des essais préliminaires non fructueux, le jumelage potentiel des conditions réactionnelles respectueuses de l'environnement, développées en catalyse homogène, avec le caractère recyclable et l'efficacité accrue des catalyseurs hétérogènes s'insère parfaitement dans une approche de synthèse énantiosélective axée vers le développement durable.In asymmetric catalysis, considerable efforts have been made for the better understanding of a stereoselective event at the transition state by postulating possible conformations of the substrate in the chiral environment brought up by the catalyst. The molecular architecture of many organometallic complexes inspires new designer chiral ligands to benefit from unlocked key features that improve their efficiency in enantioselective synthesis. In this perspective, this thesis aims to establish new synthetics applications of chiral catalysts made from the complexation of C₂-symmetric 2,2'-bipyridinediol type of ligands with environmentally benign Lewis acids in classical reactions of organic chemistry. In situ generated chiral Feᴵᴵ-, Feᴵᴵᴵ-, Biᴵᴵᴵ-, and Znᴵᴵ-catalysts were employed for asymmetric catalysis in Mukaiyama aldol, thia-Michael addition, Diels-Alder, aromatic sulfide oxidation and aldehyde alkylation reactions. Feᴵᴵ-catalyzed thia-Michael addition reaction led to the synthesis of β-thioethers obtained either as one major enantiomer (23 examples, up to 98% yield and 96:4 er) or as a racemic mixture (27 examples, up to 99% yield). Also, the optimization study for the catalytic oxidation of an aromatic sulfide by a chiral Bᴵᴵᴵ catalyst afforded the corresponding sulfoxide in 72% yield and 83:17 er. In addition to the development of new asymmetric synthetic methodologies, the ligand design towards the synthesis of 2,2'-bipyridinediol analogs, leading to modified steric and/or electronic properties, was studied. Based on the results obtained using the model 2,2'-bipyridine-α,α'-tert-butyl-diol ligand, three analogs bearing the 3,3-dimethyl (99% de, >99.5% ee; S,S enantiomer), the α,α'-1-adamantyl (98% de, >99.5% ee; S,S enantiomer), and the α,α'-trifluoromethyl (97% de, >99% ee and >99.5% de, >99.5% ee; R,R and S,S enantiomers) substitution motifs were selected to modulate the chiral induction positively. All reaction steps, reaction intermediates, and absolute configurations were detailed and discussed for each synthetic process leading to the targeted 2,2'-bipyridinediol ligand. Structural insights of the chiral environment of Feᴵᴵ- (2) and Znᴵᴵ-based (1) catalysts made from these original ligands were obtained from X-ray diffraction analyses of single crystals. For selected model reactions, the stereoselectivities observed using these new chiral catalysts allowed the comparison of their efficiency and the bonification of the chiral induction at the stereoselective event, initially hypothesized, was verified accordingly. The high levels of stereoselectivity reached by using the model 2,2'-bipyridine-α,α'-tBu-diol were outperformed by using one of the newly synthesized ligands in one of the four tested reactions: i) Mukaiyama aldol, ii) thia-Michael addition, iii) Diels-Alder, and iv) ethylation of aldehydes. Finally, the ambitious project of grafting the chiral 2,2'-bipyridine-α,α'-tBu-diol ligand onto mesoporus silica for applications in heterogeneous catalysis was initiated. Despite the unsuccessful preliminary trials, the combination of the green reaction conditions developed in homogeneous catalysis with the inherent recyclability of highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts fits perfectly in an asymmetric synthesis approach oriented towards sustainable chemistry

Fe(OTf)2-catalyzed thia-Michael addition reaction : a green synthetic approach to β-thioethers

A convenient Fe(OTf)2‐catalyzed Michael addition reaction of thiols to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds was developed. The use of a simple procedure (EtOH, room temperature, air atmosphere) allowed to set up effective green catalytic conditions for the C‐S bond formation. The scope of the reaction was demonstrated using various substituted thiols and original Michael acceptors. The corresponding β‐thioethers were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 99%). Also, the derivatization into the one‐pot thia‐Michael addition/oxidation reaction of 3‐(3‐(phenylthio)butanoyl)oxazolidin‐2‐one using H2O2 has proven to be efficient

New chiral bis(oxazolinyl)bipyridine ligands and application in the iron catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones

C2 symmetrical 6,6′-bis(oxazolinyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (bipybox) chiral ligands have been synthesized from readily available 2,2′-bipyridine. Catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones was studied using this family of ligands in the presence of iron(II) acetate

New chiral bis(oxazolinyl) bipyridine ligands and application in the iron catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones

C2 symmetrical 6,6'-bis(oxazolinyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (bipybox) chiral ligands have been synthesized from readily available 2,2'-bipyridine. Catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones was studied using this family of ligands in the presence of iron(II) acetate

ODAS: Open embeddeD Audition System

Artificial audition aims at providing hearing capabilities to machines, computers and robots. Existing frameworks in robot audition offer interesting sound source localization, tracking and separation performance, but involve a significant amount of computations that limit their use on robots with embedded computing capabilities. This paper presents ODAS, the Open embeddeD Audition System framework, which includes strategies to reduce the computational load and perform robot audition tasks on low-cost embedded computing systems. It presents key features of ODAS, along with cases illustrating its uses in different robots and artificial audition applications

An enclosed in-gel PCR amplification cassette with multi-target, multi-sample detection for platform molecular diagnostics

This work describes a self-contained, simple, disposable, and inexpensive gel capillary cassette for DNA amplification in near point of care settings. The cassette avoids the need for pumps or valves during raw sample delivery or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification steps. The cassette contains capillary reaction units that can be stored at room temperature for up to 3 months. The current cassette configuration format can simultaneously tests up to 16 patients for two or more targets, accommodates different sample types on the same cassette, has integrated positive and negative controls and allows flexibility for multiple geometries. PCR reagents in the cassette are desiccated to allow storage at room temperature with rehydration by raw sample at the time of testing. The sample is introduced to the cassette via a transfer pipette simply by capillary force. DNA amplification was carried out in a portable prototype instrument for PCR thermal cycling with fluorescence detection of amplified products by melt curve analysis. To demonstrate performance, raw genital swabs and urine were introduced to the same cassette to simultaneously detect four sexually transmitted infections. Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) were detected from raw genital swabs. Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma Homonis (MH) were detected from raw urine. Results for multiple patients were obtained in as little as 50'. This platform allows multiparameter clinical testing with a pre-assembled cassette that requires only the introduction of raw sample. Modification of the prototype device to accommodate larger cassettes will ultimately provide high throughput simultaneous testing of even larger numbers of samples for many different targets, as is required for most clinical applications. Combinations of wax and/or polymer cassettes holding capillary reaction units are feasible. The components of the cassette are suited to mass production and robotic assembly to produce a readily manufactured disposable reaction cassette that can be configured for disease-specific testing panels. Rapid testing with a disposable reaction cassette on an inexpensive instrument will permit on the spot evaluation of patients in the clinic for faster medical decision-making and more informed therapeutic choices

Comparison of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of ST-246® after IV Infusion or Oral Administration in Mice, Rabbits and Monkeys

ST-246® is an antiviral, orally bioavailable small molecule in clinical development for treatment of orthopoxvirus infections. An intravenous (IV) formulation may be required for some hospitalized patients who are unable to take oral medication. An IV formulation has been evaluated in three species previously used in evaluation of both efficacy and toxicology of the oral formulation. plasma concentrations. These effects were eliminated using slower IV infusions. associated toxicity. Shorter infusions at higher doses in NHP resulted in decreased clearance, suggesting saturated distribution or elimination. Elimination half-lives in all species were similar between oral and IV administration. The administration of ST-246 was well tolerated as a slow IV infusion