235 research outputs found

    Learning the optimal scale for GWAS through hierarchical SNP aggregation

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    Motivation: Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) seek to identify causal genomic variants associated with rare human diseases. The classical statistical approach for detecting these variants is based on univariate hypothesis testing, with healthy individuals being tested against affected individuals at each locus. Given that an individual's genotype is characterized by up to one million SNPs, this approach lacks precision, since it may yield a large number of false positives that can lead to erroneous conclusions about genetic associations with the disease. One way to improve the detection of true genetic associations is to reduce the number of hypotheses to be tested by grouping SNPs. Results: We propose a dimension-reduction approach which can be applied in the context of GWAS by making use of the haplotype structure of the human genome. We compare our method with standard univariate and multivariate approaches on both synthetic and real GWAS data, and we show that reducing the dimension of the predictor matrix by aggregating SNPs gives a greater precision in the detection of associations between the phenotype and genomic regions

    Influence du tensio-actif sur les propriétés des gypses cellulaires

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    National audienceLa relation entre la structure interne de différentes mousses minérales et leurs propriétés thermiques et hydriques est analysée. L'étude se focalise sur des mousses de gypse obtenues avec différents tensio-actifs. Il apparaît que le type de tensio-actif et son dosage affectent la structure de la mousse, tous les autres constituants restant identiques (eau, liants, fluidifiant). Les caractéristiques physiques des mousses sont comparées qualitativement (taille des pores, épaisseur des parois, connectivité des bulles...). Les performances mécaniques et thermiques des mousses ainsi obtenues sont identifiées et mises en relation avec les caractéristiques de la structure porale. ABSTRACT. The physical properties (pore size and connectivity, wall thickness) of mineral foams, depending on their inner structure, are presented herein. This paper focuses on gypsum-based mineral foams. These foams are obtained thanks to carefully chosen surfactants. It appears that, all things being equal (i.e. water, binder and superplasticizer), the quantity and the nature of the surfactant strongly affect the foam framework. The mechanical and thermal properties of such foams are thus compared relatively to the pore structure

    Structure porale de mousses minérales

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    International audienceThe studied mineral foams are mainly composed of reactive anhydrous calcium sulfate mixed with a small water to binder ratio leading to a highly concentrated mineral suspension. To ensure the foam stability until binders setting, six foaming agents are tested. The employed foaming method allows targeting different dry foam densities (250 < ρ < 800 kg/m³) with the same composition. The parameters of the study are the foam samples density and the foaming agent content. The thermal and mechanical properties are investigated as well as the porous structure of mineral foams analysed through the study of the porous surface granulometry realised on 2D cross section. The thermal conductivity appears to be proportionally linked to the density. In contrast, compressive strength and foams porous structure depend on density and on the foaming agent nature and content. The best mechanical strength corresponds to the most monodisperse and the finest porous structure. These results are translated using parameters classically used to characterize the grading curves. Foaming agents impacts on foam structure is then understood.Les mousses minérales étudiées sont réalisées principalement avec un sulfate de calcium anhydre réactif et un faible taux de gâchage conduisant à la formation d’une suspension très concentrée. Pour garantir la stabilité des mousses jusqu’à la prise des liants, six tensioactifs sont testés. La méthode de moussage employée permet de cibler différentes valeurs de masse volumique durcie (250 < < 800 kg/m3) à partir d’une même composition. Les paramètres de l’étude sont la masse volumique des mousses et le dosage en tensioactifs. La conductivité thermique et la résistance mécanique sont évaluées ainsi que la structure porale des mousses minérales dont la granulométrie est obtenue pas analyse d’images réalisées en 2D sur un plan de coupe. La conductivité thermique s’avère essentiellement liée à la masse volumique. La résistance à la compression et la structure porale sont largement affectées par la masse volumique mais aussi par le type et le dosage en tensioactif. Les résistances optimales correspondent à la structure porale la plus fine et la plus monodisperse. Ces constats sont traduits à l’aide de paramètres classiquement utilisés pour caractériser les courbes granulométriques. A l’issue de l’étude, l’interaction entre le tensioactif et la structure porale est donc comprise

    Tomographie et stéréologie au service de la structure porale de mousses minérales

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    International audienceLes études menées au LGCGM sur la formulation des mousses minérales montrent une affinité particulière des performances thermo-mécaniques à la nature et au dosage en tensioactif. La possibilité de créer des mousses de masse volumique égale mais de structure porale différente nous a conduit à étudier la granulométrie des pores obtenue. Une première approche consiste à déterminer la granulométrie surfacique, obtenue par image de coupe 2D [SAM 13]. Des modèles stéréologiques permettent en théorie de relier la granulométrie surfacique et la distribution volumique des pores. Des images 3D réalisées par tomographie nous permettent de valider le lien entre une visualisation 2D (simple et peu coûteuse) et la structure porale réelle de nos mousses. Cette validation est effectuée dans un premier temps sur deux mousses modèles, l'une monodisperse et l'autre bidisperse. La méthode est ensuite appliquée, en illustration, à une mousse minérale

    Comportement d'une bulle au sein d'un fluide à seuil

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    National audienceLes propriétés thermiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires dépendent fortement de la présence de bulles d'air dans la matrice. Ces bulles sont formées à l'état frais dans les suspensions minérales adjuvantées dont le comportement rhéologiques est caractérisé par la présence d'un seuil de cisaillement. L'étude de la formation, de la croissance, de la stabilité de bulles dans ces fluides à seuils est envisagée. Les travaux sont réalisés à l'aide d'un fluide à seuil modèle transparent dans lequel sont injectées les bulles d'air. Les essais révèlent que l'introduction d'un tensio-actif permet de stabiliser la paroi des bulles et conduit à la formation d'une membrane entre deux bulles au contact. Sa stabilité dépend du dosage en tensio-actif. Le risque de coalescence est alors maîtrisé. Un seuil de fluide élevé favorise la création de bulles sphériques. Cette sphéricité demeure élevée sur une gamme étendue de volume. Enfin, La stabilité des bulles dans un fluide à seuil se traduit par une forte anisotropie de la croissance des bulles avant leur remontée sous l'effet de la poussée d'Archimède

    MK-GGBS foams: Relation between mechanical parameters and morphological parameters

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    This study aims to link the thermomechanical properties of blended metakaolin-ground granulated blast furnace slag (MK-GGBS) foam concrete (FC) to their morphological parameters. The AAM FC matrix is composed of MK, GGBS and an alkaline solution. The binder is composed of 62.5% of MK, 12.5% of GGBS and 25% of dry extract of alkaline solution. Water came from the alkaline solution and additional water to reach a water/binder ratio of 0.36. The AAM paste was aerated with different H2O2 contents (1, 1.5 and 2%) and stabilized with surfactant. The surfactant content ranged from 0.002 to 0.05 %. Lightweight AAMs were obtained with density from 264 to 480 kg/m3. The analysis of the sectional view pictures revealed that AAMs FC porous structure is highly influenced by both H2O2 and surfactant contents. The H2O2 content modify the FC density while the surfactant content mostly modified the bubble distribution at a constant density. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

    Using stable water isotopes to identify spatial-temporal controls on groundwater recharge in two contrasting East African aquifer systems

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    We appreciate the financial support granted by the Royal Geography Society (with IBG), the Kenya Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) and the University of Aberdeen. WRMA staff who assisted during groundwater sampling and J. Dick’s assistance in running isotope laboratory tests are greatly acknowledged. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their relevant comments and suggestions which have contributed to improve the manuscript.Peer reviewedPostprin

    Depletion of groundwater resources under rapid urbanisation in Africa : recent and future trends in the Nairobi Aquifer System, Kenya

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    Open Access via the Springer Compact Agreement Acknowledgements: We acknowledge the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Environment and Sustainability Research Grant for supporting the fieldwork activities, and The World Bank/Aurecon AMEI Limited for supporting model scenarios simulations. We are also grateful to the Kenyan Water Resources Authority (WRA) and the University of Aberdeen for jointly supporting Samson Oiro’s PhD scholarship. We warmly thank WRA staff involved in data compilation and acquisition as well as the WRA offices (Nairobi and Kiambu Office) for providing the borehole completion reports and abstraction records. We thank three reviewers for their constructive comments which contributed to improve the final manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Drivers, patterns and velocity of saltwater intrusion in a stressed aquifer of the East African coast : Joint analysis of groundwater and geophysical data in southern Kenya

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    We acknowledge the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Environment and Sustainability Research Grant for financial support for all field activities. Acknowledgments extend to the Kenyan Water Resources Authority (WRA) and the University of Aberdeen for supporting S. Oiro’s PhD scholarship. We thank Security Officers and Government of Kenya Administrators who facilitated field access by informing the public of our presence in the area as well as the assistance by local casuals during the geophysical surveys.Peer reviewedPostprin

    New challenges to improve organic bread wheat production in Europe

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    The total organic area in the EU-27 had an annual average growth rate of nearly 15% from 1998 to 2006 with winter wheat being the most important cereal crop. Wheat yield in organic farming is around 30% to 70% of yield of conventional farming but higher premia for organic wheat may to some extent compensate for this. Bread wheat is grown in a variety of crop rotations and farming systems and four basic organic crop production systems have been defined. Nitrogen deficiency and weed infestation are considered to be the most serious threat in organic wheat production. Organic wheat producers will have to fulfil the technological needs of bakers although the requirements differ widely from small artisan bakers to large enterprises handling the organic bread processing. To maintain and expand organic wheat production, there is a need to control weed population, manage nitrogen nutrition and maintain crop diversity in the cropping system. In order to obtain a share in the premium price of organic wheat products, farmers may involve in further processing and marketing
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