LRRK2 kinase in Parkinson's disease

Defects in vesicular trafficking and immune responses are found in Parkinson's disease</jats:p

Correction:Comprehensive genetic screening of early-onset dementia patients in an Austrian cohort-suggesting new disease-contributing genes (Human Genomics, (2023), 17, 1, (55), 10.1186/s40246-023-00499-z)

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported an error in Table 1. The correct Table 1 has been provided in this Correction. (Table presented.) Basic clinical and genetic characteristics of all 60 EOD patients ID Diagnosis AAO (years) Sex FH APOE Gene Variant Position Transcript CADD ClinVar Significance for disease EOD-1 EOD-2 c.184G &gt; A; p.R62C chr6:41129208-41129208 NM_001271821.1 25.5 n.r Risk modifier Risk modifier EOD-3 AD 45 f 2 E3/E3 EOD-4 AD 51 f 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-5 nfPPA 58 f 2 E3/E2 EOD-6 AD 56 f 3 E3/E3 EOD-7 AD/PCA 56 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-8 bvFTD 56 m 4 E3/E3 c.1427T &gt; C; p.M476T chr11:117160361-117160361 NM_012104.3 26.4 n.r Unknown c.9757A &gt; G; p.S3253G chr15:62173781-62173781 NM_020821.2 29.5 n.r Unknown EOD-9 AD 55 f 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-10 AD 58 f 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-11 AD 63 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-12 mixed dementia (AD + VD) 55 m 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-13 AD 61 m 4,5 E3/E3 EOD-14 AD/lpPPA 61 m 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier c.4300C &gt; T; p.V1434I chr15:62244179-62244179 NM_020821.2 24.8 n.r Unknown EOD-15 nfPPA 64 m 2 E3/E3 c.2218C &gt; T; p.E740K chr2:74594514-74594514 NM_004082.4 24.0 n.r Unknown EOD-16 AD 56 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-17 AD (PD) 60 m 1 E4/E3 Risk modifier g.chr16:1816528 A &gt; G; c.2817-2A &gt; G chr16:1816528-1816528 NM_015133.3 22.3 n.r Unknown EOD-18a c.2914C &gt; T; p.P972S chr19:1051537-1051537 NM_019112.3 25.3 n.r Potential risk modifier EOD-19 EOD-19 (2)b EOD-20 AD 57 m 4,5 E3/E3 c.7397T &gt; A; p.L2466H chr12:40760814-40760814 NM_198578.3 25.7 VUS Unknown EOD-21 EOD-22 EOD-23 EOD-24 EOD-25 EOD-26 AD 56 f 4 E3/E3 c.2980G &gt; C; p.P994A chr2:74590268-74590268 NM_023019.3 17.3 VUS Unknown c.2087G &gt; A; p.R696H chr16:1814180-1814180 NM_015133.3 31.0 n.r Unknown EOD-27 AD 57 f 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-28 AD 54 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-29 AD 54 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-30 AD 64 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-31 mixed dementia (AD + VD) 58 m 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-32 FTD/svPPA 61 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-33 AD 62 f 4,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier c.521G &gt; A; p.S174L chr2:74598788-74598788 NM_004082.4 24.4 VUS Unknown EOD-34 AD 59 f 2 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-35 AD 55 m 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-36c AD 64 m 2 E4/E3 c.140G &gt; A; p.R47H chr6:41129252-41129252 NM_018965.3 9.7 LB Risk modifier Risk modifier EOD-37 AD 52 f 3,5 E3/E3 c.7397T &gt; A; p.L2466H chr12:40760814-40760814 NM_198578.3 25.7 VUS Unknown EOD-38 AD 52 f 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-39 AD 63 f 3 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-40 AD 55 f 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-41 AD 58 m 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-42 AD 39 m 4 E3/E2 EOD-43 AD 63 m 4 E3/E3 c.3148A &gt; G; p.I1050V chr15:62256964-62256964 NM_020821.2 0.001 VUS Unknown EOD-44 AD/lpPPA 58 f 3,5 E3/E3 c.3014T &gt; G; p.M1005R chr11:121430331-121430331 NM_003105.5 27.9 n.r Potential risk modifier EOD-45 AD 65 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-46 CBS + AD 51 f 3,5 E3/E3 c.4606G &gt; A; p.G1536S chr11:121474988-121474988 NM_003105.5 25.2 B Risk modifier EOD-47 AD 54 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-48 bvFTD 57 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-49 FTD/nfPPA + ALS 58 m 4 E3/E3 c.986T &gt; C; p.L276P chr12:64875636-64875636 NM_013254.3 n.r Potential risk modifier c.7436T &gt; C; p.I2429T chr15:62212307-62212307 NM_020821.2 n.r Unknown EOD-50 Risk modifier EOD-51 FTD/svPPA 62 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-52 AD 57 m 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-53 c.7377G &gt; A; p.M2459I chr12:40758839-40758839 NM_198578.3 17.7 n.r Unknown EOD-54 AD 59 m 1 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-55 AD 49 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-56 AD 61 m 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-57 AD/lpPPA 57 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-58 AD + VD 64 f 3 E3/E3 c.823C &gt; T; p.R141C chr2:74598126-74598126 NM_004082.3 29.3 VUS Unknown EOD-59 bvFTD 52 m 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-60 a, EOD-18: The APP duplication of was confirmed to be 'de novo'. Both parents did not show this duplication b, EOD-19 (2) is the brother of EOD19. He was also affected by AD and carrier of the same duplication. EOD 19 (2) was not included in the analyses of AAO and FH c, EOD-36: ClinVar assessment of TREM2 p.R47H of LB (likely benign) refers to Nasu-Hakola disease. However, p.R47H is an established risk variant for dementia (Ref. 15) The original article [1] has been corrected.</p

Discovery of XL01126:A Potent, Fast, Cooperative, Selective, Orally Bioavailable, and Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrant PROTAC Degrader of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2

[Image: see text] Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is one of the most promising targets for Parkinson’s disease. LRRK2-targeting strategies have primarily focused on type 1 kinase inhibitors, which, however, have limitations as the inhibited protein can interfere with natural mechanisms, which could lead to undesirable side effects. Herein, we report the development of LRRK2 proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), culminating in the discovery of degrader XL01126, as an alternative LRRK2-targeting strategy. Initial designs and screens of PROTACs based on ligands for E3 ligases von Hippel–Lindau (VHL), Cereblon (CRBN), and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) identified the best degraders containing thioether-conjugated VHL ligand VH101. A second round of medicinal chemistry exploration led to qualifying XL01126 as a fast and potent degrader of LRRK2 in multiple cell lines, with DC(50) values within 15–72 nM, D(max) values ranging from 82 to 90%, and degradation half-lives spanning from 0.6 to 2.4 h. XL01126 exhibits high cell permeability and forms a positively cooperative ternary complex with VHL and LRRK2 (α = 5.7), which compensates for a substantial loss of binary binding affinities to VHL and LRRK2, underscoring its strong degradation performance in cells. Remarkably, XL01126 is orally bioavailable (F = 15%) and can penetrate the blood–brain barrier after either oral or parenteral dosing in mice. Taken together, these experiments qualify XL01126 as a suitable degrader probe to study the noncatalytic and scaffolding functions of LRRK2 in vitro and in vivo and offer an attractive starting point for future drug development

The Parkinson's disease VPS35[D620N] mutation enhances LRRK2 mediated Rab protein phosphorylation in mouse and human

Missense mutations in the LRRK2 and VPS35 genes result in autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. The VPS35 gene encodes for the cargo-binding component of the retromer complex, while LRRK2 modulates vesicular trafficking by phosphorylating a subgroup of Rab proteins. Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 increase its kinase activity. It is not known how the only thus far described pathogenic VPS35 mutation, [D620N] exerts its effects. We reveal that the VPS35[D620N] knock-in mutation, strikingly elevates LRRK2 mediated phosphorylation of Rab8A, Rab10 and Rab12 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The VPS35[D620N] mutation also increases Rab10 phosphorylation in mouse tissues (lung, kidney, spleen and brain). Furthermore, LRRK2 mediated Rab10 phosphorylation is increased in neutrophils as well as monocytes isolated from three Parkinson’s patients with a heterozygous VPS35[D620N] mutation compared to healthy donors and idiopathic Parkinson’s patients. LRRK2 mediated Rab10 phosphorylation is significantly suppressed by knock-out or knock-down of VPS35 in wild type, LRRK2[R1441C] or VPS35[D620N] cells. Finally, VPS35[D620N] mutation promotes Rab10 phosphorylation more potently than LRRK2 pathogenic mutations. Available data suggest that Parkinson’s patients with VPS35[D620N] develop the disease at a younger age than those with LRRK2 mutations. Our observations indicate that VPS35 controls LRRK2 activity and that the VPS35[D620N] mutation results in a gain of function, potentially causing Parkinson’s disease through hyperactivation of the LRRK2 kinase. Our findings suggest that it may be possible to elaborate compounds that target the retromer complex to suppress LRRK2 activity. Moreover, patients with VPS35[D620N] associated Parkinson’s might benefit from LRRK2 inhibitor treatment that have entered clinical trials in humans