implication for assessing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks

Funding Information: This work was also supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through a cooperative agreement number 5NU14GH001237-03-00. The views expressed in this written publication do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. European Foundation Initiative into Neglected Tropical Disease also supported this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We thank all community leaders, household heads staff from the provincial health directorates, staff from the Medical Entomology Laboratory from the National Institute of Health, staff from National Malaria Control Programme, and staff from the Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute for their support during field work, laboratory testing and identification of Aedes spp. We also thank José Feriano Américo who produced the maps of this work. Ours special thanks goes to Professor J. Dereck Charlwood who revised the English grammar and typos of the entire manuscript. Consent for publication Our manuscript does not present any individual person's data. Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Abílio et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Background: Aedes-borne arboviruses have emerged as an important public health problem worldwide and, in Mozambique, the number of cases and its geographical spread have been growing. However, information on the occurrence, distribution and ecology of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes remain poorly known in the country. Methods: Between March and April 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 32 districts in Mozambique to determine the distribution and breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Larvae and pupae were collected from a total of 2,807 water-holding containers using pipette, dipper, funnel and sweeping procedures, depending on the container type and location. Both outdoor and indoor water-holding containers were inspected. The immature forms were reared to adults and the identifications of the mosquito species was carried out with a stereomicroscope using a taxonomic key. Results: Aedes aegypti was found in every district sampled, while Ae. albopictus was only found in Moatize district, situated in Tete Province in the central part of the country. Six hundred and twenty-eight of 2,807 (22.4%) containers were positive for Ae. aegypti but only one (0.03%) was positive for Ae. albopictus. The Container Index (CI) of Aedes was highest in densely populated suburban areas of the central region (260/604; 43.0%), followed by suburban areas in northern areas (228/617; 36.9%) whilst the lowest proportion was found in urbanized southern areas (140/1586; 8.8%). The highest CI of Aedes was found in used tires (448/1268; 35.3%), cement tanks (20/62; 32.3%) and drums (21/95; 22.1%). Conclusion: Data from our study showed that Ae. aegypti is present nation-wide, since it occurred in every sampled district, whilst Ae. albopictus had a limited distribution. Therefore, the risk of transmission of dengue and chikungunya is likely to have been underestimated in Mozambique. This study highlights the need for the establishment of a national entomological surveillance program for Aedes spp. in Mozambique in order to gain a better understanding about vector bionomics and to support the development of informed effective vector control strategies.publishersversionpublishe

Avaliação da resistência do Anopheles gambiae s.l aos insecticidas usados na Saúde Pública, na cidade de Maputo, Moçambique

Submitted by Gilvan Almeida ([email protected]) on 2017-01-02T12:17:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 72264.pdf: 767682 bytes, checksum: e02d15820c9899d0245b7f14d17c30ba (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Anderson Silva ([email protected]) on 2017-01-11T17:04:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 72264.pdf: 767682 bytes, checksum: e02d15820c9899d0245b7f14d17c30ba (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T17:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 72264.pdf: 767682 bytes, checksum: e02d15820c9899d0245b7f14d17c30ba (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilEm Moçambique a malária é considerada como sendo um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública, e uma das principais causas de morbilidade e mortalidade, especialmente em áreas remotas com pouco ou nenhum acesso a serviços públicos de saúde. O controlo vectorial da malaria é feito através da pulverização intradomiciliar com insecticidas residuais e distribuição de redes mosquiteiras impregnadas com piretróides. A susceptibilidade do Anoplehes arabiensis aos insecticidas piretróides, carbamato e organoclorato, foi determinada através dos testes de susceptibilidade da OMS, no bairro da polana caniço, cidade de Maputo. Análises bioquímicas foram feitas com as mesmas amostras para detectar a actividade da enzima envolvida na detoxificação do insecticida. No total foram colhidos no bairro da polana caniço 1870 larvas nos seus quatros estágios de desenvolvimento. Após os mosquitos atingirem a fase adulta, 675 fêmeas F1 de 2-4 dias foram usadas para os ensaios de susceptibilidade aos insecticidas, identificação específica da espécie por PCR e análise dos mecanismos bioquímicos envolvidos na resistência. Os insecticidas testados foram os piretróides Lambdacialotrina, Permetrina e Deltametrina, o carbamato Bendiocarbo e o organoclorato DDT. 100% das amostras analisadas por PCR, pertenciam a espécie Anopheles arabiensis. Os ensaios de susceptibilidade mostraram que o Anopheles arabiensis foi 100% susceptível ao insecticida DDT, mais apresentou uma mortalidade de 61% ao Lambdacialotrina, e uma mortalidade de 87% e 88% ao deltametrina e permetrina respectivamente Uma mortalidade de 80.8% foi observada para carbamato bendiocarbo. 120 amostras foram selecionadas para os ensaios bioquímicos de elevada Esterase não específica, Oxidase e análise da acetilcolinesterase. Nas amostras testadas para o insecticida Lambdacialotrina, Permetrina e Deltametrina, 13.3%, 20% e 13.3% respectivamente, apresentarm uma alteração na actividade da esterase. Nas amostras testadas para o carbamato bendiocarbo, a taxa de inibição de aceticolinesterase variou de 0 a 84%, sendo que 93% das amostras apresentaram uma alteração na actividade da acetilcolinesterase. Nenhuma alteração nos níveis de oxidase foi observado nas amostras analisadas. As alterações nos níveis das enzimas, sugerem que a esterase e a Acetilcolinesterase estão envolvidas na resistência dos piretróides e carbamatos no bairro da Polana Caniço. Estes dados, devem ser levados em consideração pelo Programa nacional de controlo da malária, nos seus planos de gestão de resistência aos insecticidasIn Mozambique malaria is considered one of the most important public health problems, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in remote areas with little or no access to public health services. The control of malaria is currently by indoor residual spray with insecticides and pyrethroid-treated bed nets. The susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis to pyrethroid, carbamate and organochlorine was determined by World Health Organization adult mosquito susceptibility tests in Polana Caniço location, Maputo city. Biochemical analyzes were carried out in same mosquitoes to detect shifts in activity of enzyme involved in insecticide detoxification. In total were collected in Polana caniço 1870 larvae in their four stages of development. After that, 675 F1 females 2-4 days were used for susceptibility testing of insecticides, specific species identification by PCR and analysis of the biochemical mechanisms involved in resistance. The insecticides tested wereLambdacyhalothrin, Deltamethrin and Permethrin pyrethroids; the carbamate bendiocarb and DDT organoclorato.100% of the samples analyzed by PCR, belong to Anopheles arabiensis species. Susceptibility tests showed that 100% Anopheles arabiensis was susceptible to insecticide DDT, but presented susceptibility of 61% for Lambdacyhalothrin, and a mortality of 87% and 88% to Deltamethrin and Permethrin respectively A mortality rate of 80.8% was observed for carbamate Bendiocarb. 120 samples were selected for high biochemical assays nonspecific Esterase, Oxidase and Acetylcholine esterase analysis. All samples tested for insecticidal Lambda-cyhalothrin, Permethrin and Deltamethrin, 13.3%, 20% and 13.3%, respectively, of mosquitoes showed a change in esterase activity. All samples tested for carbamate Bendiocarb, the rate Aceticolinesterase inhibition ranged from 0 to 84%, and 93% of the samples showed a change in the activity of acetylcholinesterase. No change in oxidase levels was observed in the samples. Changes in enzyme levels, suggest that the Esterase and Acetylcholine esterase are involved in the resistance of the pyrethroids and carbamates in Polana Caniço. These data should be considered for the National Malaria Control Program in their resistance management plans to insecticide

Distribution and breeding sites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in 32 urban/peri-urban districts of Mozambique: implication for assessing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-02-19T13:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielagarcia_marianafdavid_etal_IOC_2018.pdf: 3042517 bytes, checksum: 816c1d8c25307b7acf7d49089e5ffbad (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-02-19T13:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielagarcia_marianafdavid_etal_IOC_2018.pdf: 3042517 bytes, checksum: 816c1d8c25307b7acf7d49089e5ffbad (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-19T13:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielagarcia_marianafdavid_etal_IOC_2018.pdf: 3042517 bytes, checksum: 816c1d8c25307b7acf7d49089e5ffbad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Directorate of Public Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. GHTM. Lisboa, Portugal.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Aedes-borne arboviruses have emerged as an important public health problem worldwide and, in Mozambique, the number of cases and its geographical spread have been growing. However, information on the occurrence, distribution and ecology of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes remain poorly known in the country