La problématique des ide en Algérie : paradoxes d'une économie attractive faiblement attrayante

La problématique des IDE en Algérie est toujours d’actualité. Si la baisse actuelle des prix de pétrole a redonné un nouveau souffle à cette ancienne-nouvelle problématique, les mécanismes de leur attractivité restent obsolètes. Présentés comme une source de financement non génératrice de dette et un vecteur de transfert technologique, les IDE peuvent être un moyen sûr pour promouvoir une croissance durable et inclusive. A partir de la reconstruction d’un Indice Contextualisé d’Attractivité (ICA) de la Cnuced pour un panel de 11 pays couvrant 12 variables, les résultats montrent que l'Algérie se situe, à la dernière position de ce groupe de pays en terme d'ICA et pour les montants d'IDE reçus. Le système R&D fait partie des points faibles qui ont pesé lourd dans ce classement. L’amélioration de cet aspect est plus que nécessaire. D’autant plus, que l’expérience des pays Sud - Est asiatique, qui souffrent de ce qu’on appelle « la trappe du revenu moyen », renforce nos résultats.Mots Clés: IDE, Algérie, attractivitéICA JEL CLASSIFICATION : F21, F40, O50English Title: The issue of FDI in Algeria: paradox of an attractive economy but faintly appealingEnglish AbstractThe issue of FDI in Algeria is still relevant. If the current decline in oil prices has revitalized this old-new problematic, the mechanisms of their attractiveness are outdated. Presented as a non-generating source of debt and a technology transfer vector, FDI can be a sure way to promote a sustainable and inclusive growth. Based on the reconstruction of an OECD Contextualized Attractiveness Index (CAI) for a panel of 11 countries covering 12 variables, The results has shown that Algeria is ranked in the middle of this group of countries in terms of CAI, but at the bottom of this panel regarding inflows FDI. R & D system has figured among the weaknesses that had a heavy weight in this ranking. Improving this aspect is more than necessary. Especially that the experience of south east Asian countries, suffering from what is called "the trap of the average income," strengthens our results.Keywords: FDI, Algeria, AttractivenessJEL CLASSIFICATION : F21, F40, O5

Les pays de l’Afrique du Nord et les IDE face à la problématique de l’attractivité

According to the latest UNCTAD report on foreign direct investment (Unctad, 2017) Global FDI flows are expected to reach nearly $1.8 trillion in 2017, then$ 1.85 trillion in 2018 - still well below the record of 2007. North Africa received $ 14.5 billion as inward FDI flows, accounting for 3.4% of global flows. This rate was 3.5% in 2014 and 5.4% in 2013. The growth despite the decline in the share growth of about 11%. This increase is mainly due to the reforms introduced to FDI regulations and new gas discoveries in Egypt. Empirical works on FDI suggest many explanatory variables of attractiveness, but ultimately, no consensus emerges1. It is about several industrial factors (transport costs, implementation costs, salary costs, technological advantages, activity agglomerations … etc.), commercial (market size, proximity to demand, barriers to trade, membership in an integration zone) than institutional (tax or commercial policy, legislative provisions on capital repatriation or capital movement, country risk, business climate) (Alaya and al, 2009). This work looks at the comparison of North African countries with other countries. Ten countries were chosen, chosen because they have common problematics, and spread throughout the world. Then, based on the work of Unctad2, an " attractiveness contextualized index" is built, simple but robust, which makes it possible to locate, for each country of the sample, the aspects on which it is strong or weak. The comparison between the countries of North Africa can lead to economic policy proposals regarding FDI. The results show that the countries of North Africa had similar results except Tunisia, which ranked sixth among the countries in the sample. The other countries, Morocco, Egypt and Algeria obtained positions 7, 8 and 10 respectively. These results confirm the results obtained in terms of FDI inward flows. The attractiveness policies already practiced have shown their limits. A renewal of these policies based on research and development could turn the tables and highlight the assets available to the countries of North Africa

Les pays de l’Afrique du Nord et les IDE face à la problématique de l’attractivité

According to the latest UNCTAD report on foreign direct investment (Unctad, 2017) Global FDI flows are expected to reach nearly $1.8 trillion in 2017, then$ 1.85 trillion in 2018 - still well below the record of 2007. North Africa received $ 14.5 billion as inward FDI flows, accounting for 3.4% of global flows. This rate was 3.5% in 2014 and 5.4% in 2013. The growth despite the decline in the share growth of about 11%. This increase is mainly due to the reforms introduced to FDI regulations and new gas discoveries in Egypt. Empirical works on FDI suggest many explanatory variables of attractiveness, but ultimately, no consensus emerges1. It is about several industrial factors (transport costs, implementation costs, salary costs, technological advantages, activity agglomerations … etc.), commercial (market size, proximity to demand, barriers to trade, membership in an integration zone) than institutional (tax or commercial policy, legislative provisions on capital repatriation or capital movement, country risk, business climate) (Alaya and al, 2009). This work looks at the comparison of North African countries with other countries. Ten countries were chosen, chosen because they have common problematics, and spread throughout the world. Then, based on the work of Unctad2, an " attractiveness contextualized index" is built, simple but robust, which makes it possible to locate, for each country of the sample, the aspects on which it is strong or weak. The comparison between the countries of North Africa can lead to economic policy proposals regarding FDI. The results show that the countries of North Africa had similar results except Tunisia, which ranked sixth among the countries in the sample. The other countries, Morocco, Egypt and Algeria obtained positions 7, 8 and 10 respectively. These results confirm the results obtained in terms of FDI inward flows. The attractiveness policies already practiced have shown their limits. A renewal of these policies based on research and development could turn the tables and highlight the assets available to the countries of North Africa

IMPACT OF BIM ON BUILDING DESIGN QUALITY

During last decades, the aim of new technologies was to develop new information systems to automate manual processes. Large-scale projects in the field of construction industry need a different approach to organize and analyze data creating a database without any duplication or redundancy. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a teamwork process using advanced technologies to generate data modeling. Based on a literature review, the present research proposes a set of hypotheses that links BIM implementation with the enhancement of information sharing capability (ISC) and collaborative decision capability (CDC) in the construction sector of the building industry. Consequently, it relates the degree of BIM use to the design quality enhancement using ISC and CDC as mediators. Towards this end, the research adopts three sets of criteria namely, functionality, form and aesthetic values, and building construction quality as indicators to design quality improvement. Finally, the research proposes a new conceptual model to set the potential relations between the different variables included in the study. Hence it offers several implications for practitioners and decision makers concerning the importance of BIM to enhance the design quality

The Effect of Multiple Readings of the Qur'an on Multiple Significance of News and Creation

The study is based on tracing the Qur'anic texts in which many readings lead to a different style of creation or vice versa, considering what these readings can elicit from the noble context's intended connotations. The study was divided into three sections: the first topic included the differences between matter and others, assuming that matter is from creation, the past, and the loss of the news. The second topic included the differences between telling and questioning; it is known that the difference between them is on the axes of language and art. The third topic included the differences between denial and prohibition. It is well known that there is a great discrepancy between the two. This difference has contextual implications. The study was based on two important matters: not accepting anomalous readings and not taking into account the connotations that contradict the postulates of religion, even if they are tolerated by the noble context in terms of language. Keywords: multiplicity, readings, semantics, new

Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays Using Hybrid Firefly–Genetic Algorithm

© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/The application of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) plays an important role in protecting power systems and ensuring their safe, reliable, and efficient operation. However, coordinating DOCRs involves solving a highly constrained and nonlinear optimization problem. The primary objective of optimization is to minimize the total operating time of DOCRs by determining the optimal values for decision variables such as the time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS). This article presents an efficient hybrid optimization algorithm that combines the modified firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm to achieve improved solutions. First, this study modifies the firefly algorithm to obtain a global solution by updating the firefly’s brightness and to prevent the distance between the individual fireflies from being too far. Additionally, the randomized movements are controlled to produce a high convergence rate. Second, the optimization problem is solved using the genetic algorithm. Finally, the solution obtained from the modified firefly algorithm is used as the initial population for the genetic algorithm. The proposed algorithms have been tested on the IEEE 3-bus, 8-bus, 9-bus and 15-bus networks. The results indicate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithms in minimizing the total operating time of DOCRs compared with other optimization methods presented in the literature.Peer reviewe

Pulse Pressure Variation-Guided Fluid Therapy during Supratentorial Brain Tumour Excision: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) improved patient outcomes in various surgical procedures; however, its role during mass brain resection was not well investigated. AIM: In this study, we evaluated a simple protocol based on intermittent evaluation of pulse pressure variation for guiding fluid therapy during brain tumour resection. METHODS: Sixty-one adult patients scheduled for supratentorial brain mass excision were randomized into either GDFT group (received intraoperative fluids guided by pulse pressure variation) and control group (received standard care). Both groups were compared according to the following: brain relaxation scale (BRS), mean arterial pressure, heart rate, urine output, intraoperative fluid intake, postoperative serum lactate, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Demographic data, cardiovascular data (mean arterial pressure and heart rate), and BRS were comparable between both groups. GDFT group received more intraoperative fluids {3155 (452) mL vs 2790 (443) mL, P = 0.002}, had higher urine output {2019 (449) mL vs 1410 (382) mL, P < 0.001}, and had lower serum lactate {0.9 (1) mmol versus 2.5 (1.1) mmol, P = 0.03} compared to control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, PPV-guided fluid therapy during supratentorial mass excision, increased intraoperative fluids, and improved peripheral perfusion without increasing brain swelling

A Validated RP HPLC-PAD Method for the Determination of Hederacoside C in Ivy-Thyme Cough Syrup

A simple reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method coupled with a photodiode array detector (PAD) has been developed and validated for the analysis of hederacoside C, the marker of ivy plant, in Ivy-Thyme cough syrup. Separation of hederacoside C was achieved using a Phenomenex-Gemini C18 column isothermally at 40°C. A mobile phase system constituted of solvent A (water: acetonitrile: orthophosphoric acid (85%), 860 : 140 : 2 v/v) and solvent B (acetonitrile: orthophosphoric acid (85%), 998 : 2 v/v) was used, at gradient conditions, at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Analysis was performed using UV-detection (205 nm). The method was linear over the range (0.03–0.15) mg/mL of hederacoside C (r = 0.9992). Repeatability and intermediate precision were acceptable (RSD <2%). Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 0.011 and 0.032 mg/mL, respectively. Percentage recovery was found to lie between 99.69% and 100.90% (RSD <2%). The method was also proved to be specific (peak-purity coefficient = 0.996)