Trade liberalization, imported inputs and factor efficiencies: Evidence from the auto components industry in India

Firm-level data have been used to estimate changes in factor efficiencies_imported inputs being one of them-- over three sub-periods, 1977-84, 1985-91 and 1992-99 respectively denoting eras before liberalization, partial liberalization of the automotive industries and economy-wide liberalization. We see that the average size of firms has increased from that in the protected regime as the degree of liberalization has advanced. We find that the substitutability among inputs changed over the three sub-periods. We also find that the marginal products of all the inputs are very heterogeneous among firms in each period. The distributions of marginal product of labour and domestic materials and has moved to the left in the later periods while that of capital has moved to the right. The distribution of marginal product of imported materials first moved to the right and then to the left as compared to the first period. Overall the smaller firms benefited more in the earlier periods and bigger ones in the last period.

Median prime ideals of pseudo-complemented distributive lattices

summary:Coherent ideals, strongly coherent ideals, and $\tau$-closed ideals are introduced in pseudo-complemented distributive lattices and their characterization theorems are derived. A set of equivalent conditions is derived for every ideal of a pseudo-complemented distributive lattice to become a coherent ideal. The notion of median prime ideals is introduced and some equivalent conditions are derived for every maximal ideal of a pseudo-complemented distributive lattice to become a median prime ideal which leads to a characterization of Boolean algebras

Intelligent controller based power quality improvement of microgrid integration of photovoltaic power system using new cascade multilevel inverter

Now a day the power demand has a major problem for developing countries due to the growth of population, industries, IT companies and other needs. In this present situation the fossil fuel-based power generation alone does not support the consumer needs, poor power quality due to nonlinear function and very harmful for environment. The main objective of this paper is improving the power quality of grid connected photovoltaic power system through a new cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed research work has been modelled and controlled by ANFIS intelligence in MATLAB simulation environment. The simulation results are analysed under various operating conditions for improve the performance of proposed system. Finally, the proposed system THD value of simulation results is compared with IEEE 1547 standard for prove the effectiveness of proposed research work

Design and development of Propulsion System for Antitank Guided Missile

A Propulsion system is designed and developed for the third generation antitank guided missile (ATGM). It consists of a separate booster and sustainer. Booster is ahead of sustainer, having four nozzles canted to the missile axis. Sustainer discharges through a supersonic blast tube. Low smoke, high energy nitramine propellant for this propulsion system developed by the High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune, has been successfully flight-tested. The booster grain is tube-in-tube configuration with end inhibition and the sustainer grain is of end burning configuration. High strength aluminium alloy, HE-15, is used for rocket motor components. Glass-phenolic composite ablative material is used for thermal protection of motors and high density graphite is used for nozzle throats. The design considerations and approach, including grain configuration, nozzle, and ignitersare briefly discussed. The propulsion system has been extensively tested in static tests and in flights, establishing the satisfactory performance of the system

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Gastrointestinal Motility Tretment of Drug in Healthy Human Volunteers (Cinitapride)

The study is to conduct the Bioequivalence study of an Antidepressant, in accordance with the regulatory authority. The BE study is conducted on a test product, ‘T’and reference product ‘R’. ‘T’, and ‘R’are oral Tablet containing drug Cinitapride. In a dose of 150mg. Drug Cinitapride is an Gastrointestinal motility treatment drug. The study objectives included: Assessment of the bioavailability of test product A while comparing with a reference product B in 6 normal, adult, human subjects under fasting condition. The bioequivalence assessed is to be assessed under following pharmacokinetic Parameters: AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, Cmax, Tmax, Kel, and t1/2. Monitoring of the adverse events and ensure safety of the subjects. Bioequivalence is evaluated by three pharmacokinetic parameters viz., AUC, Cmax and Tmax out of which AUC and Cmax are main parameter for evaluation. The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC and Cmax) of Cinitapride are within the acceptable limits of bioequivalence 80% - 125%. Hence, it is concluded that single dose bioequivalence study of Cinitapride 3 mg tablet (each containing Cinitapride 3 mg) is bioequivalent with Cintpro 3 mg tablet (each containing Cinitapride 3 mg

RAPID, METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF METFORMIN AND CANAGLIFLOZIN IN PLASMA BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETER, APPLICATION TO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY

Objective: The objective of the study was to develop and validate a rapid selective bioanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of metformin and canagliflozin in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) to facilitate bioequivalence study sample analysis. Stock solutions and spiking solutions were prepared accurately in methanol and 80% methanol in water, respectively. Methods: Chromatography monitored using Analyst 1.6.2 software. Method was found selective, no matrix effect, reproducible and consistent recovery, accuracy, precision, and stable in aqueous as well as extracted/matrix samples. Method found linear over the range 10–2000 ng/ml for metformin and 30–6000 ng/ml for canagliflozin. The method is successfully applied to analyze samples collected in a bioequivalence study after administration of metformin/canagliflozin 1000/150 mg to 24 healthy male volunteers. Results: Extraction was carried out using a simple solid phase extraction using mobile phase elution. 5 μl sample delivered as injection volume in 1.000 ml/min isocratic mobile phase flow on turbo ion electron spray technique for positive mode on API 4000 MS. Discussion: Chromatography achieved within 3 min using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate buffer in a ratio of 70:30 on chromolith C18 analytical column. Q1/Q3 are 130.1/70.1, 136.3/77.1, 462.2/267.2 (with ammonium adduct), and 466.4/267.1 for metformin, metformin D6, canagliflozin, and canagliflozin D4, respectively. Conclusion: Rapid, sensitive method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and canagliflozin in plasma by LC-MS/MS is successfully developed, validated and applied to analyze 960 unknown samples of a bioequivalence study. Incurred sample reanalysis was revealed great reproducibility

Qualification of Indigenously Developed Special Coatings for Aero-Engine Components

The demand for higher performance and reliability of aero-engiaes necessitates its components to worksatisfactorily under severe operating conditions. The durability of various components in these environmentis often enhanced by applying suitable coatings. The development of new materials/processing methods andalso various coatings to protect the components have been driven by the ever-increasing severity of theaero-engine internal environment. While the selection of a coating is dictated by the operating conditionsand the nature of the environment and also on the substrate, the durability of the coating depends uponthe mode of degradation of the coating and substrate in service.Though certification of an aero-engine after developmt obviously includes: validation of the componentsand its coatings, indigenous substitution of an already-qualified component system requires a re-orientationof the qualification methodology. This paper describes an approach for qualification of indigenously developedspecial coatings processes for application on aero-engine components. This approach has been adoptedsuccesshlly in validating several indigenous coatingslpmcesses, viz, aluminium-silicon diffusion coating appliedby pack cementation for oxidationhot comsion resistance, cobalt-chromium carbide coating by electrodepositionfor wear resistance, chromium carbide-nickel chromium coating applied by detonation gun and yttria-stabilisedzirconia thermal barrier coating applied by plasma spray.The approaih consists of a series of validation tests configured to assess the coating-substrate system.The rationale in evolving the qualification tests based on the type of coating, coating process, operating conditionsfor the components, probable failure modes and coating-base metal interaction, are described. In addition,comparison of the test results obtained on the test specimens coated with indigenously developed coatingsand imported coatings is also enumerated to show that these coatings are comparable to the imported coatings.Documentation of satisfactory performance of the components coated with indigenously developed coatingsthrough successful engine tests and limited-service evaluation is also highlighted. In addition to the substitutionof the coatings recommended by the principal designers with those developed indigenously, a few coatings,such as polyimide coating for corrosion resistance and ceramic paint for thermal resistance solely appliedon various aero-engine components were successfully evaluated using above mentioned approach

An Optimized Process for Expression, Scale-Up and Purification of Recombinant Erythropoietin Produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Culture

The DHFR mediated gene amplification employed for selection of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) clones was evaluated by single and multiple step selection of methotrexate (MTX). Multiple step selection of MTX resulted in cells with high amplified copies of erythropoietin (EPO) gene. Expression of EPO rapidly increased with increasing MTX concentration up to 1000 nM, further increased to 2000 nM does not affect the expression. After the MTX selection, cells grown in the presence of MTX were more stable and retained similar amounts of EPO expression and gene copies until 50 doublings. Whereas, cells grown in the absence of MTX were unstable and retained only 50% of initial EPO expression and gene copies at the 50th doubling