APPLICATION OF IPOM OEA BATATA STARCH MUCILAGE AS SUSPENDING AGENT IN OSELTAMIVIR SUSPENSION

Objective: The objective of the study was to search for a cheap and effective natural raw material that can serve as an alternative suspending agent in the formulation of oseltamivir suspension. The phytochemical and the physicochemical properties of the mucilage of Ipomoea batata starch were studied. Methods: The suspending properties of mucilage extract of I. batata starch was evaluated comparatively with that of acacia, xanthum gum and sodium alginate using model formulations at concentrations of 0.75, 1.5and 3.5% w/v. The Prepared suspensions were evaluated by studying different parameters like pH, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, Flow rate (F), viscosity, degree of flocculation, effect, effect of temperature and stability studies. Results: The results showed the presence of flavonoids, saponin, protein, carbohydrate and reducing sugars. The rheological properties of suspension showed that As the concentration of suspending agent increased viscosity also get increased which reduces the sedimentation and contributes to the stability of suspension. Increase in viscosity avoids the particle aggregation so particles remain in a flocculated state. While an increase in temperature did not significantly increased the viscosity of suspension. The order of stability of suspension in terms of sedimentation profile ranked thus: OF3 (3%w/v IBSM)>OF12 (3%w/v SA)>OF6 (3%w/v AG)>OF9 (3%w/v XG)>B (5%w/v potato starch). Conclusion: These results indicate that mucilage from I. batata starch in oseltamivir suspension has low sedimentation rate, medium viscosity and easily dispersible and can therefore serve as suspending agent in formulations of suspensions of sparingly soluble drugs

Longidorus brevis sp. n. (Nematoda : Longidoridae) from Senegal, West Africa

#Longidorus brevis sp. n. is described from the rhizosphere of #Guiera senegalensis, #Pennisetum pedicellatum, #Cordyla pinnata and #Blumea aurita in Senegal. It is a small longidorid, morphologically resembling #L. juveniloides, #L. juveniis, #L. reneyii and #L. laevicapitatus$. The new species can be distinguished from these species by combinations of the following characters : short, thick body (L = 1.71-2.13 mm and a = 54.2-69.9), short odontostyle (40-43 micrometers), lobed amphidial pouches, distance of guide ring from anterior end (23-25.5 micrometers) and an elongate conoid tail with a slightly digitated terminus (c' = 1.89-2.61). (Résumé d'auteur

Étude des caractéristiques des peuplements et des noix de Cocos nucifera L. au Sénégal

Cocos nucifera est l’un des arbres cultivés le plus répandu. Il se propage par graine avec un long cycle biologique. Cette étude qui avait pour objectif de caractériser les populations naturelles de cocotiers des Niayes (Sénégal), notamment leur structure et leur fruit, a montré que les arbres sont âgés et leur régénération quasi inexistante. Les hauteurs variaient de 7 à 17,5 m et les circonférences à 1,30 m de 60 à 182 cm. Les arbres étaient sains et présentaient un faible taux de mortalité (2 à 5%). La morphologie des noix de coco, leur poids et celui de leurs constituants (eau, coprah), étaient variables selon les sites de récolte. Les noix avaient un poids moyen de 1,5 kg. Leur volume d’eau a varié avec le stade de maturité: 350 à 430 ml pour les «noix à eau et sans coprah» et 38 à 70 ml pour les «noix mûres». Le poids de coprah frais a varié entre les sites de 170 à 210 g. En perspective, il serait intéressant d’analyser la variabilité existante afin de l’exploiter dans un programme d’amélioration. Dans le souci de préserver le cocotier dans les Niayes, il faudrait envisager des plantations dans toute cette zone.Mots clés : Cocos nucifera, cocotier, coprah, niayes, palmie

An Experimental Investigation the Optimum of Salinity and Ph of Sea-Water to Improve Oil Recovery from Sandstone Reservoir as A Secondary Recovery Process

Laboratory tests and field applications shows that the salinity of water flooding could lead to significant reduction of residual oil saturation. There has been a growing interest with an increasing number of low-salinity water flooding studies. However, there are few quantitative studies on seawater composition change and it impact on increasing or improving oil recovery.  This study was conducted to investigate only two parameters of the seawater (Salinity and pH) to check their impact on oil recovery, and what is the optimum amount of salinity and ph that we can use to get the maximum oil recovery.  Several core flooding experiments were conducted using sandstone by inject seawater (high, low salinity and different pH). The results of this study has been shown that the oil recovery increases as the injected water salinity down to 6500 ppm and when the pH is around 7. This increase has been found to be supported by an increase in the permeability. We also noticed that the impact of ph on oil recovery is low when the pH is less than 7

Criblage in vitro des graines d’accessions locales de ricin (Ricinus communis L.) en conditions de stress salin

Le ricin (Ricinus communis L.) est une plante peu exigeante dont la culture offre d’énormes potentialités économiques pour les exploitants agricoles sénégalais. L’identification de génotypes performants avec des rendements acceptables en conditions de stress salin constitue une des solutions pour promouvoir cette culture sur des sols inaffectés aux cultures vivrières. Quatre accessions locales de ricin ont été cultivées durant un mois sur le milieu de Murashige et Skoog (MS) modifié et additionné de 0 ; 25 ; 50 ; 100 et 150 mM de chlorure de sodium (NaCl). Les réponses des accessions ont été évaluées en conditions in vitro sur la base de paramètres morphologiques, biochimiques et de survie des vitroplants. L’effet de la salinité sur ces paramètres mesurés a permis de classer les accessions en groupe tolérant (acc1), moyennement tolérant (acc7) et sensible (acc3 et acc4). La concentration 50 mM de NaCl a été identifiée comme un seuil de tolérance critique et discriminant permettant une classification des accessions de ricin selon leur sensibilité au NaCl. La biomasse aérienne est apparue comme un critère pertinent pour classer les accessions de ricin. Les mesures des teneurs en chlorophylle des feuilles des vitroplants ont permis d’aboutir à la même classification des groupes.Mots clés: criblage, Ricinus communis, salinité, SénégalEnglish Title:  In vitro screening of local accessions of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis l.) Under conditions of salinity stressEnglish AbstractCastor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an undemanding plant whose cultivation has enormous economic potential for Seneg alese farmers. The identification of efficient genotypes tolerant to salt stress condition could constitute a significant result to promote ricin culture specifically in margin soils. Four local accessions of castor were cultivated, using in vitro conditions for four weeks on MS modified medium supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl. In vitro plants responses to salinity were recorded in terms of morphological and biochemical parameters and the rate of plant survival. The effect of different levels of salinity on these parameters was used to classify the accessions in tolerant group (acc1), moderately tolerant (acc7) and sensitive (acc3 and acc4). The concentration 50 mM of NaCl was identified as a discriminant level for castor accessions classification and a critical level of tolerance. The in vitro plants shoot biomass, appeared a relevant parameter to be used for classification of castor accessions under in vitro conditions. The content of leaf chlorophyll for in vitro plants confirmed the classification of Castor bean accessions obtained with morphological parameters according to their sensitivity to the salinity.Keywords: screening, Ricinus communis, salinity, Senega

FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF IVABRADINE HYDROCHLORIDE FLOATING PULSATILE PELLETS BY FLUIDIZED BED COATING TECHNIQUE

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the current work was to develop Ivabradine hydrochloride (HCl) floating pulsatile pellets containing drug loaded calciumalginate pellets coated with pH-dependent polymer Eudragit S100 oil dispersion.Methods: Fluidized bed coating technique was used to develop pellets. A 2factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables(inlet air temperature, spray rate), on dependent variables (% entrapment efficiency, % friability, and average particle size). Optimization was doneby fitting experimental data to the software program (Minitab). Obtained pellets were subjected to different evaluation parameters which are criticalin the development of the dosage form. An in vitro lag phase study was carried out for all batches in simulated gastric fluid (0.1N HCl) for 5 hrs andin vitro drug release study was carried out for optimized batch (B4) of two different sizes (10/12#, 12/16#) in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4phosphate buffer).2 Results: The optimized batch (B4) showed satisfactory % entrapment efficiency of 92.66±1.52; % friability of 0.57±0.03; and average particle sizeof 1424±16 (µm). All batches maintained lag phase for 5 hrs in 0.1N HCl. An optimized batch of two different sizes exhibited a burst release within30 minutes in simulated intestinal fluid with no significant difference in release rate constant (*p>0.05) and followed first order kinetics.Conclusion: Thus, ivabradine HCl floating pulsatile pellets was successfully developed for treating angina pectoris which is an underlying cause ofheart attack by fluidized bed coating technique employing factorial design.Keywords: Ivabradine hydrochloride, Sodium alginate, Eudragit S100, Pellets, Fluidized bed coating, Optimization, Central composite desig

In vitro micrografting of Sterculia setigera Del.

An in vitro procedure micrografting of adult scions of Sterculia setigera was developed to overcome low rooting in adult shoot. Axenic micro shoots of 0.5 cm length taken from adult trees as scions were grafted on seedlings rootstocks cultured on MS medium. 100% success was obtained with micrografts using adult apex as scions. Upon three cycles of in vitro micrografting, rejuvenation capacities of S. setigera was recovered as shown by vigour, length and rooting of shoots grown from grafts cultured on MS medium compared to seedlings. Successful micrografts were transferred to plastic pots containing soil under mist house conditions before they were finally exposed to an external environment. 80% of the plantlets survived in the nursery.Keywords: Sterculia setigera, micrografting, rejuvenation, rootin