EFFECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TREATING HEPATITIS B

Medicinal plants and natural products have many applications in the treatment of viral diseases, due to much lower side effects. Different types of hepatitis, especially hepatitis B, are of the viral diseases whose treatment using herbal medicines is currently of great interest due to the limited availability of effective chemical drugs and having numerous side effects. Due to the attention paid to herbal drugs and their importance for the treatment of hepatitis B, we conducted this review to take a look at the evidence regarding the action mechanisms of viruses, antiviral herbal remedies and various herbal anti-hepatitis drugs and their therapeutic mechanism published until 2017. To provide data for conducting this review, the most up-to-date electronic journals including those indexed in the Pubmed, Elsevier, Institute for Scientific Information, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database databases and various books, has been used. There are several plants for the treatment of viral diseases, including hepatitis B, which prevent or decrease infection via various mechanisms. Medicinal plants counteract viruses by various mechanisms, but most of them including Ganoderma lucidum and Oenanthe javanica inhibit the transcription of hepatitis B virus in hepatocytes. Most of action mechanism of medical plants exert an antiviral effect through inhibiting the transcription of HBV in hepatocytes; the need to study effective medicinal plants for treating different types of hepatitis, including hepatitis B and their action mechanisms have been intensified more than ever before, which makes this subject even more important

Medicinal Plants with Multiple Effects on Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: a Systematic Review

Abstract Purpose of Review This systematic review describes evidence concerning medicinal plants that, in addition to exerting hypoglycemic effects, decrease accompanying complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, and/or hyperlipidemia among individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent Findings Studies on the antidiabetic mechanisms of medicinal plants have shown that most of them produce hypoglycemic activity by stimulating insulin secretion, augmenting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), inhibiting αamylase or α-glucosidase, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, free radical scavenging plus antioxidant activity (against reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)), up-regulating or elevating translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), and preventing development of insulin resistance. Summary Not only are medicinal plants effective in DM, but many of them also possess a variety of effects on other disease states, including the complications of DM. Such plants may be appropriate alternatives or adjuncts to available antidiabetic medication

Medicinal Plants with Multiple Effects on Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: a Systematic Review

Purpose of Review This systematic review describes evidence concerning medicinal plants that, in addition to exerting hypo- glycemic effects, decrease accompanying complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, and/or hyperlipidemia among individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent Findings Studies on the antidiabetic mechanisms of medicinal plants have shown that most of them produce hypogly- cemic activity by stimulating insulin secretion, augmenting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), inhibiting α- amylase or α -glucosidase, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, free radical scavenging plus antioxidant activity (against reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)), up-regulating or elevating translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), and preventing development of insulin resistance. Summary Not only are medicinal plants effective in DM, but many of them also possess a variety of effects on other disease states, including the complications of DM. Such plants may be appropriate a lternatives or adjuncts to availa ble antidiabetic medication

Inflammasome signaling and other factors implicated in atherosclerosis development and progression

Chronic inflammation plays an extensive role in the onset and progression of metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, gout and obesity. Atherosclerosis accounts for upwards of 70% mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and is also a chronic condition that causes atrial stenosis due to a lipometabolism imbalance. The purpose of this article is to consider the inflammatory factors implicated in atherosclerosis and their role in the development and progression of this vascular disease. The inflammasome signaling pathway is an important inflammatory mechanism involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The most important inflammasome pathway in this respect is NLRP3 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor with a pyrin domain 3), whose activation leads to the generation of important inflammatory cytokines including interleukins 1β and 18 (IL-1β and 18). The activities of these mature cytokines and inflammatory factors produced by other inflammatory pathways, lead to arterial inflammation and eventually arterial occlusion, which can result in life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Therefore, it is essential to seek out more precise mechanisms for activation of inflammasomes and other inflammatory pathways for the development of therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis

Pulmonary responses of rats exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles injected intratracheally

زمینه و هدف: نانوذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم در سطح وسیعی در جهان کاربرد دارند. مطالعه­ی حاضر، برای ارزیابی مدت ماندگاری سمیت ریوی حاصل از نانوذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 60 سر موش صحرایی نر در 3 گروه (هر گروه شامل 4 زیر گروه 5 سری) تقسیم شدند. حیوانات در زیر گروه­های اول، دوم و سوم هر یک از گروه­ها به ترتیب 25، 50 و 100 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم از نانو ذرات و در زیر گروه چهارم (گروه کنترل) هر گروه حجم برابری از نرمال سالین را به­صورت داخل نایی دریافت کردند. در روزهای 15، 30 و 45، به­ترتیب حیوانات گروه­های اول، دوم و سوم بی­هوش شدند. پس از گرفتن گراف های رادیولوژی حیوانات کشته و نمونه های خونی و بافتی جمع آوری شد. نتایج به­دست آمده از بررسی های هماتولوژی و بیوشیمیایی با آزمون آماری ANOVA و تست تعقیبی Tukey و نتایج حاصله از مطالعات پاتولوژی و رادیولوژی نیز با استفاده از آزمون آماری Fisher exact test مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج، اختلاف معنی داری را در شمارش کلی گلبول های سفید، لنفوسیت ها، مونوسیت ها و گرانولوسیت ها و در فعالیت آنزیم های LDH و ALP را در روز 15 آزمایش نشان داد. بررسی های هیستوپاتولوژی و رادیولوژی دلالت بر پاسخ ریه ها به­صورت ضایعات آماسی وابسته به دوز مصرفی می کرد. این ضایعات بیشتر به شکل نفوذ سلول های آماسی و ضخیم شدن بافت بینابینی بود. نتیجه گیری: تحقیق حاضر پیشنهاد می کند که دوز مصرفی نقش مهمی را در سمیت ریوی بازی می کند و اثرات التهابی نانو ذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم برای زمان محدودی باقی مانده و حیوان می تواند بعد از طی یک دوره زمانی مجدداً به حالت طبیعی باز گردد

THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF TERMINALIA IN THE WORLD

Traditional medicines, derived from medicinal plants, are used by about 60% of the world's population. Plants of the genus Terminalia which consist of about 200-250 species are widely used as traditional medicine. The aim of this study was that review morphologic and toxonomic characteristics, pharmacological effects, traditional usage and products that derived of Terminalia in reports that published up to 2017. To conduct this review, the most up-to-date electronic journals including those indexed in the Pubmed, Elsevier, Institute for Scientific Information, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database, databases and various books, has been used. Terminalia species have therapeutic effects such as cardiac stimulant effect that was compared with that of digoxin. Terminalia species possess several active phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. ss-sitosterol is one of phytosterol compounds that has a therapeutic effect on inflammation by effect on prostacyclin I2 (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Other active phytochemical are tannins that have shown that tannins have strong anti-bacterial properties. Considering that many studies have been carried out on Terminalia plants in different fields and its beneficial effects in various diseases. To identify phytochemical compounds, further studies are required to fully determine the extent of use of medicinal plants and the phytochemistry of the genus Terminalia. In this review article can be a preliminary authentic source for the researchers to investigate the some unknown potential and therapeutic effects of these medicinal plants

Inflammasome Signaling and Other Factors Implicated in Atherosclerosis Development and Progression

Chronic inflammation plays an extensive role in the onset and progression of metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, gout and obesity. Atherosclerosis accounts for up to 70% mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and is also a chronic condition that causes atrial stenosis due to a lipometabolism imbalance. The purpose of this article is to consider the inflammatory factors implicated in atherosclerosis and their role in the development and progression of this vascular disease. The inflammasome signaling pathway is an important inflammatory mechanism involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The most important inflammasome pathway in this respect is the NLRP3 inflammasome (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor with a pyrin domain 3), whose activation leads to the generation of important inflammatory cytokines including interleukins 1β and 18 (IL-1β and 18). The activities of these mature cytokines and inflammatory factors produced by other inflammatory pathways lead to arterial inflammation and eventually arterial occlusion, which can result in life-threatening complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Therefore, it is essential to seek out more precise mechanisms for the activation of inflammasomes and other inflammatory pathways for the development of therapeutic strategies of atherosclerosis

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of electromagnetic fields and coenzyme Q 10 on hippocampal injury in mouse

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are reported to interfere with chemical reactions involving free radical production. Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ10) is a strong antioxidant with some neuroprotective activities. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the neuroprotective effects of EMF and CoQ10 in a mouse model of hippocampal injury. Hippocampal injury was induced in mature female mice (25-30g), using an intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT; 2.5mg/kg). The experimental groups were exposed to EMF at a frequency of 50Hz and intensity of 5.9mT for 7hr daily over 1 week or treated with CoQ10 (10mg/kg) for 2 weeks following TMT injection. A Morris water maze apparatus was used to assess learning and spatial memory. Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) tests were also performed for the histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. Antiapoptotic genes were studied, using the Western blot technique. The water maze test showed memory improvement following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10+EMF. The Nissl staining and TUNEL tests indicated a decline in necrotic and apoptotic cell count following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10+EMF. The Western blot study indicated the upregulation of antiapoptotic genes in treatment with CoQ10, as well as coadministration. Also, treatment with EMF had no significant effects on reducing damage induced by TMT in the hippocampus. According to the results, EMF had no significant neuroprotective effects in comparison with CoQ10 on hippocampal injury in mice. Nevertheless, coadministration of EMF and CoQ10 could improve the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10

Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of electromagnetic fields and coenzyme Q10 on hippocampal injury in mouse

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are reported to interfere with chemical reactions involving free radical production. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a strong antioxidant with some neuroprotective activities. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the neuroprotective effects of EMF and CoQ10 in a mouse model of hippocampal injury. Hippocampal injury was induced in mature female mice (25–30 g), using an intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT; 2.5 mg/kg). The experimental groups were exposed to EMF at a frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 5.9 mT for 7 hr daily over 1 week or treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks following TMT injection. A Morris water maze apparatus was used to assess learning and spatial memory. Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) tests were also performed for the histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. Antiapoptotic genes were studied, using the Western blot technique. The water maze test showed memory improvement following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10 + EMF. The Nissl staining and TUNEL tests indicated a decline in necrotic and apoptotic cell count following treatment with CoQ10 and coadministration of CoQ10 + EMF. The Western blot study indicated the upregulation of antiapoptotic genes in treatment with CoQ10, as well as coadministration. Also, treatment with EMF had no significant effects on reducing damage induced by TMT in the hippocampus. According to the results, EMF had no significant neuroprotective effects in comparison with CoQ10 on hippocampal injury in mice. Nevertheless, coadministration of EMF and CoQ10 could improve the neuroprotective effects of CoQ10. keywords:CoQ10 electromagnetic fields (EMFs) neuroprotective effect trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT