Microbial and Chemical Contamination of Vegetables in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Sub-Sahara Africa

Most farmers in urban and peri-urban areas in West Africa have limited land, so practice farming systems targeted at the production of high-value crops used in urban diets, especially exotic vegetables. Moreover, rapid urban population growth and adverse climate change are causing increased demand for food and water, leading to water scarcity in those cities. The intense pressure of increasing food demand in cities pushes small farmers to depend on untreated wastewater, undecomposed manure, and pesticides for their production, which negatively affect the health of the population. This chapter presents an overview of the identification of pathway and levels of vegetables contamination in SSA and the identification of interventions employed to reduce public health risk. The microbiological and chemical assessment of irrigation water, fertiliser and vegetable samples collected from farms and markets in SSA revealed their contamination with pathogenic bacteria above the recommended standard of WHO and ICMSF. They were also contaminated by heavy metal above the safe limits by FAO/WHO and pesticide residues. The treatment of irrigation water, proper composting of manure and appropriate use of pesticides could be complement disinfection of vegetables before consumption to reduce public health risk

Developing national health sector monitoring and accountability platforms. The opportunity of IHP+ in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal

There is now growing consensus about the importance of building and strengthening national monitoring platforms in order to facilitate the evaluation of large-scale health programmes and initiatives in low- and middle-income countries [see the paper published in 2010 in The Lancet by Victora et al.]. This is also crucial for improving accountability, which is defined by the United Nations' Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health as a cyclical process of monitoring, review, and (remedial) action. The International Health Partnership and related initiatives (IHP+), World Health Organization and other partners have recently developed guidelines to support country-led platforms for monitoring, evaluation and review of national health strategies. The national Compacts promoted in the framework of IHP+ offer an excellent opportunity to foster the development of such country-led platforms for information and accountability. Indeed, a Compact formalises the commitments of the recipient government and health sector partners to increase financing efforts in the health sector, to respect aid effectiveness principles and to support the national health policy and strategies in a common planning, coordination, and monitoring & evaluation framework. IHP+ is also closely connected to initiatives such as the Health Metrics Network that aims to improve the quality of health information in developing countries. We propose to analyse how the Ministries of Health in four Francophone Western African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal) have seized the opportunity of IHP+ to strengthen their monitoring and accountability platforms, and assess what further actions could be taken in the future. We present a comparative analysis grid filled on the basis of the experience of the co-authors in supporting the process in the four countries. This composes the first step of an on-going research and experience sharing project supported by GRAP-PA Santé.GRAP-PA Sant

Présentation et consolidation des bases de donnée: Dimensions structurelles de la libéralisation pour l'agriculture et le développement rural. RuralStruc Avenant Phase II

Autres production

Rapport De Synthese Des Ateliers De Restitution Des Resultats De L’evaluation Du Processus D’elaboration Des Politiques Agricoles Et De Securite Alimentaire Par Les Intervenants Au Mali

Les politiques Agricoles sont très importantes dans l’accroissement de la production et de la productivité agricole. En effet, elles influencent dans plusieurs cas, les performances du secteur agricole. Au Mali, un large éventail de lois, de règlements et de programmes affecte le régime foncier, les prix des intrants Agricoles, les ressources en eau, les nouvelles technologies des semences, l’énergie, le transport, etc. D’une manière générale, ces mesures de politiques façonnent l’investissement, la production et les décisions des producteurs et des entreprises agroalimentaires. Les décisions prises par les acteurs privés clés, conduisent à leur tour à des trajectoires de croissance agricole. Des politiques saines, par conséquent, deviennent une condition préalable et nécessaire pour obtenir des gains de productivité agricole durable et pour favoriser l’atteinte de l’objectif de sécurité alimentaire de la population. Au regard de l’importance des politiques agricoles, le Projet de Recherche sur les Politiques de Sécurité Alimentaire au Mali (PRePoSAM) a initié une étude qui vise à évaluer la qualité du processus d’élaboration des politiques Agricoles et de sécurité alimentaires au Mali à travers les opinions des principaux acteurs du secteur Agricole

A Mathematical and Numerical Framework for Traffic-Induced Air Pollution Simulation in Bamako

We present a mathematical and numerical framework for the simulation of traffic-induced air pollution in Bamako. We consider a deterministic modeling approach where the spatio-temporal dynamics of the concentrations of air pollutants are governed by a so-called chemical transport model. The time integration and spatial discretization of the model are achieved using the forward Euler algorithm and the finite-element method, respectively. The traffic emissions are estimated using a road traffic simulation package called SUMO. The numerical results for two road traffic-induced air pollutants, namely the carbon monoxide (CO) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5), support that the proposed framework is suited for reproducing the dynamics of the pollutants specified

A STAKEHOLDER ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY PROCESSES IN MALI : RESULTS OF A BASELINE SURVEY

Policy influences agricultural performance in fundamentally important ways. In Mali, a wide range of laws, regulations and programs affect land tenure, water infrastructure and access, plant and animal health, availability of new seed technologies, transport cost, electricity, labor markets, input prices and trade. Together these policy incentives shape the investment, production and marketing decisions of farmers and agribusinesses. Decisions by key private sector actors, in turn, drive agricultural growth trajectories. Sound policies, therefore, become a critical pre-requisite for broad-based, sustainable agricultural productivity gains and improved food security for Malian citizens

Les implications structurelles de la libéralisation pour l'agriculture et le développement rural au Mali: Programme RuralStruc (2006-2008), Phase I

Rapport