Ongoing burden and recent trends in severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia events in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Scotland:A nationwide cohort study 2016–2022

Aims: We examined severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia (SHH) rates in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Scotland during 2016–2022, stratifying by sociodemographics. Methods: Using the Scottish National diabetes register (SCI-Diabetes), we identified people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes alive anytime during 2016–2022. SHH events were determined through linkage to hospital admission and death registry data. We calculated annual SHH rates overall and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Summary estimates of time and stratum effects were obtained by fitting adjusted generalised additive models using R package mgcv. Results: Rates for those under 20 with type 1 diabetes reached their minimum at the 2020–2021 transition, 30% below the study period average. A gradual decline over time also occurred among 20–49-year-olds with type 1 diabetes. Overall, females had 15% higher rates than males with type 2 diabetes (rate ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.22). People in the most versus least deprived quintile experienced 2.58 times higher rates (95% CI 2.27–2.93) in type 1 diabetes and 2.33 times higher (95% CI 2.08–2.62) in type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Despite advances in care, SHH remains a significant problem in diabetes. Future efforts must address the large socioeconomic disparities in SHH risks.</p

Ongoing burden and recent trends in severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia events in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Scotland:A nationwide cohort study 2016–2022

Aims: We examined severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia (SHH) rates in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Scotland during 2016–2022, stratifying by sociodemographics. Methods: Using the Scottish National diabetes register (SCI-Diabetes), we identified people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes alive anytime during 2016–2022. SHH events were determined through linkage to hospital admission and death registry data. We calculated annual SHH rates overall and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Summary estimates of time and stratum effects were obtained by fitting adjusted generalised additive models using R package mgcv. Results: Rates for those under 20 with type 1 diabetes reached their minimum at the 2020–2021 transition, 30% below the study period average. A gradual decline over time also occurred among 20–49-year-olds with type 1 diabetes. Overall, females had 15% higher rates than males with type 2 diabetes (rate ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.22). People in the most versus least deprived quintile experienced 2.58 times higher rates (95% CI 2.27–2.93) in type 1 diabetes and 2.33 times higher (95% CI 2.08–2.62) in type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Despite advances in care, SHH remains a significant problem in diabetes. Future efforts must address the large socioeconomic disparities in SHH risks.</p

Ongoing burden and recent trends in severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia events in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Scotland: A nationwide cohort study 2016-2022

We examined severe hospitalised hypoglycaemia (SHH) rates in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Scotland during 2016-2022, stratifying by sociodemographics. Using the Scottish National diabetes register (SCI-Diabetes), we identified people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes alive anytime during 2016-2022. SHH events were determined through linkage to hospital admission and death registry data. We calculated annual SHH rates overall and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Summary estimates of time and stratum effects were obtained by fitting adjusted generalised additive models using R package mgcv. Rates for those under 20 with type 1 diabetes reached their minimum at the 2020-2021 transition, 30% below the study period average. A gradual decline over time also occurred among 20-49-year-olds with type 1 diabetes. Overall, females had 15% higher rates than males with type 2 diabetes (rate ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.08-1.22). People in the most versus least deprived quintile experienced 2.58 times higher rates (95% CI 2.27-2.93) in type 1 diabetes and 2.33 times higher (95% CI 2.08-2.62) in type 2 diabetes. Despite advances in care, SHH remains a significant problem in diabetes. Future efforts must address the large socioeconomic disparities in SHH risks

Identification of Griffon Vulture's Flight Types Using High-Resolution Tracking Data

Being one of the most frequently killed raptors by collision with wind turbines, little is known about the Griffon vulture’s flight strategies and behaviour in a fine scale. In this study, we used high-resolution tracking data to differentiate between the most frequently observed flight types of the Griffon, and evaluated the performance of our proposed approach by an independent observation during a period of 4 weeks of fieldwork. Five passive flight types including three types of soaring and two types of gliding were discriminated using the patterns of measured GPS locations. Of all flight patterns, gliding was classified precisely (precision = 88%), followed by linear and thermal soaring with precision of 83 and 75%, respectively. The overall accuracy of our classification was 70%. Our study contributes a baseline technique using high-resolution tracking data for the classification of flight types, and is one step forward towards the collision management of this species

Current Sudan protective practice in diagnostic nuclear medicine and patient dose

Reflecting upon the influence of current diagnostic imaging radiation protection practices in Sudan, a sampling evaluation is made of administered activity across all five of the nuclear medicine departments in the country. Data were collected in respect of 423 patients, administered nuclide activities showing accord with international levels. For administered activity, four of the five departments use International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Basic Safety Standard protocols, the other adopting UK Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC) practice. For national nuclear medicine diagnostic purposes overwhelming use is made of 99mTc. Thyroid and parathyroid scans account for 43% of the 423 investigations, while whole body bone and renal scans provide for the imaging needs of the respective 34% and 23% remaining patients. Of the acquired images, in excess of 80% of these were planar. The mean and standard deviation effective dose values were 2.26 ± 0.61, 4.70 ± 0.77 and 1.03 ± 0.29 mSv, for thyroid, bone and dynamic renal scans respectively, comparable with that of previous studies. While department designs are observed to comply with radiation protection regulations, the personal monitoring service is much less satisfactory, data frequently being found to be absent in all five departments. Moreover, only 60% of the medical physicists have been in receipt of regular radiation protection training, while other medical staff within the departments have not benefited from the relevant training at all, including physicians, nurses and nuclear medicine technologists. None have received regular specific medical checks. Accordingly, the Sudanese Nuclear & Radiological Regulatory Authority are now playing a major role in development of nuclear medicine practice and associated safety requirements, seeking accord with the principle of ALARA. Physician/medical physicist cooperation is needed in addressing optimization of radiation dose and image quality, also radiation protection awareness and training, as well as in medical surveillance

Intensity profile of lymphatic filariasis among community members of Yewa South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

An epidemiological study was conducted in four communities of Yewa-South Local Government Area of Ogun State to determine the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis. Also investigated was the intensity among the study participants. Three hundred and sixty-two participants of both sexes and age ranging from 5 to 85 years were examined. Blood samples for parasitological examination were obtained from consenting participants between 21.00 and 02.00 a.m. The samples were prepared using thick blood smear technique. The data obtained were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square. The result showed that, from the 362 blood samples examined, 186 were positive with an overall of 51.4%. Microfilaraemic prevalence was not significantly related (p&gt;0.05) by sex category with male having 78 (21.5%) and female 108 (29.3%). However, there was significant (p&lt;0.05) relationship in the prevalence by age groups as Community members within the age group =50 had the highest prevalence of 52(14.4%) while the 20-29 years recorded the least prevalence of 18(5.0%). In terms of microfilaraemic load, all females and males who tested positive for lymphatic filariasis with 50.8% having light intensity of &lt; 50mf/ml. There was no significant relationship between prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and communities studied (P&gt;0.05). The high prevalence observed in these communities could be due to bushy vegetation. There is the important need for increased and consistent treatment with Albendazole and health education in all affected communitiesto reduce prevalence and possible elimination of the parasite. Keywords: Intensity, Lymphatic filariasis, prevalence, Ogun State, Nigeri

Diversity, distribution and threats of the Juglandaceae in Vietnam

Vietnam is one of the main centers of generic diversity for Juglandaceae worldwide. In this study, we present for the first time a province-wide distribution of all 3 subfamilies, 7 genera, and 11 Vietnamese species, and give an update on the habitats of all Vietnamese Juglandaceae species, their uses, and current threats. Juglandaceae are found throughout Vietnam. However, most species occur predominantly in the north- ern part of the country between 600 and 1200 m. Some taxa range is found extensively from sea level up to 2,500 meters above sea level. According to the IUCN Red List, Rhoiptelea chiliantha, Carya sinensis, and Pterocarya tonkinensis are threatened while Engelhardia spicata, E. serrata, Alfaropsis roxburghiana, Pterocarya stenoptera are classified as least concerned (Carya tonkinensis is threatened locally, and Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookiana and Platycarya strobilacea merit “threatened” designation in Vietnam’s Red Data Book. The most frequent threats are logging, land-use change, and habitat destruction due to artificial wood planta- tions or road construction. Until now, no conservation measures have been applied for any of the species in Vietnam, although some species occur in national parks. Our study gives an important update on the current diversity and distribution of Juglandaceae in Vietnam. We point out the need for a correct assessment of the threat status of various species on a national and international scale to protect the rarest and most endangered of them. Further research, the use of various forms of protection of individual taxa and/or their habitats, and drawing the attention of an international group of researchers to the urgent need to work together to protect biodiversity in Vietnam hot spots are necessary