‘Forgotten Europeans’: transnational minority activism in the age of European integration

YesThis article examines transnational activism by coalitions of national minorities in Europe from the early 20th century to the present, setting this within the broader ‘security versus democracy dilemma’ that continues to surround international discussions on minority rights. Specifically, we analyse two organisations – the European Nationalities Congress (1925–1938) and the Federal Union of European Nationalities (1949–) – which, while linked, have never been subject to a detailed comparison based on primary sources. In so far as comparisons do exist, they present these bodies in highly negative terms, as mere fronts for inherently particularistic nationalisms that threaten political stability, state integrity and peace. Our more in‐depth analysis provides a fresh and more nuanced perspective: it shows that, in both cases, concepts of European integration and ‘unity in diversity’ have provided the motivating goals and frameworks for transnational movements advocating common rights for all minorities and seeking positive interaction with the interstate world

Neutralization Efficiency Of H⁻ Beams Based On Measurements Of One-and Two-electron Removal From H- In H- + Arq+ (q ≤ 8) Collisions

Employing the Giessen ion-ion crossed-beams facility, absolute cross sections have been measured for single- and double-electron removal from H- in energetic collisions with Arq+ (q ≤8) ions. The data is compared to CTMC calculations and is discussed with respect to conversion efficencies of H- into H0 beams in plasma neutralizers proposed for efficient neutral beam heating of next generation fusion plasmas. © 1991 Springer-Verlag

Transfer Ionization in H++h- Collisions

Absolute cross sections for transfer ionization in H+ + H- collisions have been measured in the center-of-mass energy range 50 eV–40 keV, with the use of merged- and crossed-beam techniques, together with coincident detection of the products. A mechanism is proposed for the process in the low-energy region. The cross section, calculated accordingly, is found to be in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data