The role of multinationals in the host country: Spillover effects from the presence of autocar makers in Mexico

Multinational Companies (MNES) have a long presence in the automobile industry in Mexico, since 1925. The North America free trade agreement (NAFTA) has promoted this foreign-owned industry to develop the locally owned auto supplier industry. In this study, we focus on two analyses: in the first one, the "Double Diamond" model is used to examine the sources of competitiveness of the auto industry, the auto suppliers, and the possible spillover effects on first and second tier suppliers. In the second one, we focus on a local case by analyzing the cluster located in Puebla to see the relations between the Original Equipment Manufacturer Volkswagen (OEM VM) and its suppliers. Our findings indicate that the foreign-owned auto industry in Mexico has been successful in terms of gaining world's export market share within the period 1993-2003 and that MNES have promoted the competitiveness of some existing locally owned suppliers through collaborative agreements and joint ventures. The local case of the Puebla cluster reveals that some local, in its majority foreign-owned, auto suppliers have been certified and integrated as tier 1 suppliers of the OEM VW, but there is not enough evidence that tier 2 and 3 locally owned suppliers have been fully integrated into the supply chain.Las empresas multinacionales tienen presencia en la industria automotriz en México desde 1923. El Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) ha buscado promover que estas empresas de capital extranjero desarrollen proveedores locales. En este estudio nos enfocamos en dos análisis: en primer lugar, el modelo de "doble diamante" se usa para examinar fuentes de competitividad de la industria automotriz, de los proveedores y de las posibles derramas hacia proveedores de primer y segundo niveles; en segundo lugar, nos centramos en un caso local examinando el cluster ubicado en Puebla para ver la relación entre la multinacional, Volkswagen, y sus proveedores. Nuestros hallazgos indican que la industria automotriz de capital extranjero ha sido exitosa en términos de exportar y ganar segmentos del mercado mundial en el periodo 1993-2003 y las multinacionales han promovido la competitividad de algunos proveedores de capital local a través de acuerdos de colaboración y joint ventures. El caso del cluster de Puebla revela que proveedores de capital extranjero, y solamente algunos proveedores de locales, han sido certificados e integrados como proveedores de primer nivel de Volkswagen, pero no hay suficiente evidencia que los proveedores de segundo y tercer niveles locales hayan sido integrados a la cadena de proveeduría

DISEÑO MECANICO DE UN PROTOTIPO DE SEMBRADORA DE MAIZ MECHANICAL DESIGN OF A PROTOTYPE CORN SOWER

La agricultura mexicana es un sector estratégico para el desarrollo nacional. El maíz desempeña un papel importante en la industria, ya que se procesa derivando una gran cantidad de productos y subproductos. En la actualidad hay campesinos que siembran en terrenos irregulares como cerros o terrenos de superficie inclinada; este tipo de siembra la mayoría de las veces es agricultura de subsistencia, pero no por eso menos importante que la comercial. La siembra en este tipo de terrenos se realiza por medio de herramientas rústicas debido al difícil acceso de maquinaria moderna y los pocos recursos económicos para conseguirla; este tipo de herramienta representa un gran esfuerzo físico y jornadas muy largas de trabajo para el campesino. En el presente proyecto se propone una máquina para sembrar maíz, la cual evitaría los problemas anteriormente expuestos, además de realizar la actividad en menor tiempo y de manera económica, rentable y segura.<br>Mexican agriculture is a strategic sector for national development. Corn has an important role in the industry due to the fact that it is processed into a great variety of products and by-products. There are some agricultural workers that sow in irregular grounds such as hills and sloping surfaces. This kind of sowing is often for their own consumption, but it is not less important than the industrial counterpart. Sowing in this type of grounds is done with rustic tools owing to lack of access to modern equipment, due to its cost and other reasons. The use of rustic tools is hard work and time-consuming for the workers. In this project, a proposal to make this job easier on sloping grounds is presented. This proposal consists of a machine that reduces the physical exertion and time required of the workers, by increasing the sowing speed, making the operation less expensive, safer and more efficient

Diseño mecánico de un prototipo de sembradora de maíz

La agricultura mexicana es un sector estratégico para el desarrollo nacional. El maíz desempeña un papel importante en la industria, ya que se procesa derivando una gran cantidad de productos y subproductos. En la actualidad hay campesinos que siembran en terrenos irregulares como cerros o terrenos de superficie inclinada; este tipo de siembra la mayoría de las veces es agricultura de subsistencia, pero no por eso menos importante que la comercial. La siembra en este tipo de terrenos se realiza por medio de herramientas rústicas debido al difícil acceso de maquinaria moderna y los pocos recursos económicos para conseguirla; este tipo de herramienta representa un gran esfuerzo físico y jornadas muy largas de trabajo para el campesino. En el presente proyecto se propone una máquina para sembrar maíz, la cual evitaría los problemas anteriormente expuestos, además de realizar la actividad en menor tiempo y de manera económica, rentable y segura

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data