La formule politiquement incorrect dans le discours public : emplois, définitions discursives et enjeux socio-politiques et culturels

La formule émergente politiquement incorrect gagne du terrain dans les discours publics qui circulent dans les sociétés démocratiques. Sur la base d’un corpus de discours médiatiques, numériques et savants des pays francophones et anglophones, l’article montre le rôle de plus en plus important du politiquement incorrect dans la vie sociale, et ses enjeux argumentatifs dans la sphère politique.L’analyse de la définition discursive a permis de cerner les tendances à un usage croissant de la formule, ses dimensions — sur le plan du verbe et de l’action —, ainsi que les valeurs-clés qui y sont attachées : la jouissance d’une liberté absolue de pensée et, conséquemment, d’expression, contrairement aux limitations imposées par le politiquement correct ; l’audace de prendre des risques pour énoncer une vérité parfois peu attrayante sans l’atténuer, comme l’exige le politiquement correct suivant le corpus scientifique. Si la définition discursive du politiquement incorrect a ses spécificités dans des milieux culturels différents, la formule est néanmoins définitivement entrée dans l’usage commun à partir des années 2000 et s’y est lexicalisée en produisant de nombreux dérivés et usages nuancés et périphrastiques.Politically incorrect is an emergent formula that is gaining ground in the public discourses of democratic societies. On the basis of a corpus of media, digital and scholar discourses in French and English speaking countries, the article shows the increasingly important role of the politically incorrect discourse in social life and as well as its argumentative issues in the political sphere.The discursive definition analysis has identified the tendencies of the increasing use of the formula, its dimensions—verbal and action related—, as well as the key values that are attached to it: enjoyment of an absolute freedom of thought and, consequently, of expression, contrary to the limitations imposed by the politically correct; the audacity to take the risk of stating a sometimes unattractive truth without mitigating it, as politically correct demands according to the scientific sources. The discursive definition of the politically incorrect has its specificities in the different cultural circles, nevertheless the formula has definitively entered into the common use since the 2000s and has lexicalized there as it shows numerous derivatives, nuanced and periphrastic uses

François-Emmanuël Boucher. 2020. Le Trumpisme. Contribution à l’analyse rhétorique du discours national-populiste (Québec : P. U. Laval).

Le travail significativement intitulé « Le Trumpisme » (2020) de François-Emmanuël Boucher, professeur au Département de Langue française, Littérature et Culture du Collège militaire royal du Canada, s’inscrit dans et, en même temps, contribue à plusieurs domaines et vecteurs de la pensée scientifique contemporaine. D’une part, on peut le considérer comme faisant partie d’une tendance importante des dernières décennies qui conceptualise le phénomène du populisme. D’autre part, l’ouvrage offre..

Economic dimension of engineering and construction in Russian orthodox temple architecture

Economic dimension of engineering and construction in Russian orthodox temple architecture (reliable determination of church construction estimate cost and it’s optimization) is in the best interest of engineering companies, the Russian Orthodox Church, state authorities and potential investors as basis for assessment of investment, cost control, cost saving in temple complex construction. The article gives methodological aspects of cost estimate determination in temple architecture, synthesizes cost expenditures for temple construction, proposes and analyses cost-saving solutions

The comparison between the walls properties from brick and reinforced concrete of Russian orthodox temple buildings

The orthodox temple buildings have the wide range of architectural and construction designs, and the same time, their erection and projecting process are under the influence of strict orthodox canons. The exterior wall is one of the main structures of orthodox church building. For today, the traditional brick and contemporary modern material, reinforced concrete, are the mostly wide spread materials in orthodox churches buildings; the mix of these two materials is also possible. The issue is concerned with the analyses architectural and construction requirements to external temple walls and to their features comparison in both cases: for traditional canonical and contemporary designs. The strength, thermal and technical, acoustical, architectural and aesthetical, economical properties of walls are compared for these two construction variants. The scope of this issue contains the instance of approximate strength calculation for the temple of small volume and crude data for the cost of one square meter of external wall in four specific construction designs. Comparative analysis allows choosing a more environmentally friendly material and improving the energy efficiency of the facility

Economic dimension of engineering and construction in Russian orthodox temple architecture

Economic dimension of engineering and construction in Russian orthodox temple architecture (reliable determination of church construction estimate cost and it’s optimization) is in the best interest of engineering companies, the Russian Orthodox Church, state authorities and potential investors as basis for assessment of investment, cost control, cost saving in temple complex construction. The article gives methodological aspects of cost estimate determination in temple architecture, synthesizes cost expenditures for temple construction, proposes and analyses cost-saving solutions

Yersinia pestis Antigen F1 but Not LcrV Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Humans Immunized with Live Plague Vaccine—Comparison of Immunoinformatic and Immunological Approaches

The recent progress in immunoinformatics provided the basis for an accelerated development of target-specific peptide vaccines as an alternative to the traditional vaccine concept. However, there is still limited information on whether the in silico predicted immunoreactive epitopes correspond to those obtained from the actual experiments. Here, humoral and cellular immune responses to two major Yersinia pestis protective antigens, F1 and LcrV, were studied in human donors immunized with the live plague vaccine (LPV) based on the attenuated Y. pestis strain EV line NIIEG. The F1 antigen provided modest specific cellular (mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 type) and humoral immune responses in vaccinees irrespective of the amount of annual vaccinations and duration of the post-vaccination period. The probing of the F1 overlapping peptide library with the F1-positive sera revealed the presence of seven linear B cell epitopes, which were all also predicted by in silico assay. The immunoinformatics study evaluated their antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenic properties. The epitope TSQDGNNH was mostly recognized by the sera from recently vaccinated donors rather than antibodies from those immunized decades ago, suggesting the usefulness of this peptide for differentiation between recent and long-term vaccinations. The in silico analysis predicted nine linear LcrV-specific B-cell epitopes; however, weak antibody and cellular immune responses prevented their experimental evaluation, indicating that LcrV is a poor marker of successful vaccination. No specific Th17 immune response to either F1 or LcrV was detected, and there were no detectable serum levels of F1-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in vaccinees. Overall, the general approach validated in the LPV model could be valuable for the rational design of vaccines against other neglected and novel emerging infections with high pandemic potency

Le politiquement correct : tabous, normes, transgressions

International audienceLe politiquement correct n’en finit pas d’alimenter débats et polémiques dans tous les types de discours : décrié par les uns comme une censure exercée par la bien-pensance, il est revendiqué par d’autres comme une nécessaire visibilisation de groupes dits minoritaires. Ce numéro entend initier une réflexion sur cette question qui n’a pas encore fait, en France, l’objet d’études systématiques en sciences du langage. Les neuf contributions réunies ici montrent que le politiquement correct n’est pas qu’une histoire de mots à bannir pour les remplacer par d’autres considérés comme plus adéquats. La question de la désignation « correcte » n’a de sens qu’à l’échelle des discours, en prenant en considération la position discursive du locuteur, les différences culturelles et les évolutions dans le temps. Au-delà de l’emploi de la formule elle-même, notamment à des fins argumentatives, le politiquement correct est le révélateur du constant réajustement des normes et des tabous linguistiques dans les discours et dans la société. L’approche résolument discursive et contrastive adoptée dans ce dossier met au jour la nécessité d’élargir le champ d’investigation et confirme l’urgence qu’il y a à comprendre les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les phénomènes d’interdits langagiers et de prescriptions normatives