37 research outputs found
Transporter Expression in Liver Tissue from Subjects with Alcoholic or Hepatitis C Cirrhosis Quantified by Targeted Quantitative Proteomics
ABSTRACT Although data are available on the change of expression/activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver cirrhosis patients, corresponding data on transporter protein expression are not available
Transporter expression in liver tissue from subjects with alcoholic or hepatitis C cirrhosis quantified by targeted quantitative proteomics
Role of P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein-1 in the Brain Penetration and Brain Pharmacodynamic Activity of the Novel Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitor GDC-0941
Pharmacokinetics and Absorption of the Anticancer Agents Dasatinib and GDC-0941 under Various Gastric Conditions in Dogs – Reversing the Effect of Elevated Gastric pH with Betaine HCl
Changes in gastric pH can impact
the dissolution and absorption
of compounds presenting pH-dependent solubility. We assessed, in dogs,
the effects of gastric pH-modifying agents on the oral absorption
of two weakly basic anticancer drugs, dasatinib and GDC-0941. We also
tested whether drug-induced hypochlorhydria could be temporarily mitigated
using betaine HCl. Pretreatments with pentagastrin, famotidine, betaine
HCl, or combinations of famotidine and betaine HCl were administered
orally to dogs prior to drug dosing. The gastric pH was measured under
each condition for up to 7 h, and the exposure of the compounds tested
was calculated. The average gastric pH in fasted dogs ranged from
1.45 to 3.03. Pentagastrin or betaine HCl treatments lowered the pH
and reduced its variability between dogs compared to control animals.
In contrast, famotidine treatment maintained gastric pH at values
close to 7 for up to 5 h, while betaine HCl transiently reduced the
pH to approximately 2 in the famotidine-treated dogs. Famotidine pretreatment
lowered GDC-0941 exposure by 5-fold, and decreased dasatinib measurable
concentrations 30-fold, compared to the pentagastrin-treated dogs.
Betaine HCl restored GDC-0941 AUC in famotidine-treated dogs to levels
achieved in control animals, and increased dasatinib AUC to 1.5-fold
that measured in control dogs. The results confirmed the negative
impact of acid-reducing agents on the absorption of weakly basic drugs.
They also suggested that betaine HCl coadministration may be a viable
strategy in humans treated with acid-reducing agents in order to temporarily
reduce gastric pH and restore drug exposure
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Tumor Growth Inhibition and Biomarker Modulation by the Novel Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitor GDC-0941
Interspecies Variability in Expression of Hepatobiliary Transporters across Human, Dog, Monkey, and Rat as Determined by Quantitative Proteomics
Early Stage Preclinical Formulation Strategies to Alter the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Two Small Molecule Therapeutics
Early stage chemical development presents numerous challenges, and achieving a functional balance is a major hurdle, with many early compounds not meeting the clinical requirements for advancement benchmarks due to issues like poor oral bioavailability. There is a need to develop strategies for achieving the desired systemic concentration for these compounds. This will enable further evaluation of the biological response upon a compound–target interaction, providing deeper insight into the postulated biological pathways. Our study elucidates alternative drug delivery paradigms by comparing formulation strategies across oral (PO), intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), and intravenous (IV) routes. While each modality boasts its own set of merits and constraints, it is the drug’s formulation that crucially influences its pharmacokinetic (PK) trajectory and the maintenance of its therapeutic levels. Our examination of model compounds G7883 and G6893 highlighted their distinct physio-chemical attributes. By harnessing varied formulation methods, we sought to fine-tune their PK profiles. PK studies showcased G7883′s extended half-life using an SC oil formulation, resulting in a 4.5-fold and 2.5-fold enhancement compared with the IP and PO routes, respectively. In contrast, with G6893, we achieved a prolonged systemic coverage time above the desired target concentration through a different approach using an IV infusion pump. These outcomes underscore the need for tailored formulation strategies, which are dictated by the compound’s innate properties, to reach the optimal in vivo systemic concentrations. Prioritizing formulation and delivery optimization early on is pivotal for effective systemic uptake, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of biological pathways and expediting the overall clinical drug development timeline