The economic impact of pharmacies in Maputo, Mozambique.

Master’s Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.ABSTRACT The pivotal role of SMEs in fostering economic growth and job creation is globally apparent, and more crucial in low income countries. This study focused in quantifying the economic impact of pharmacies in Maputo, employed a quantitative cross-sectional questionnaire based methodology, with an economic multiplier technique. From an estimated 145 functional pharmacies in Maputo, a probabilistic sample of 106 pharmacies with a 5% margin of error was randomly chosen. Two clusters were analysed namely; the municipality districts and the pharmacy franchises. Such distinction; not only aided in better understanding the pharmacy’s economic impact amongst the municipality geographic areas, but also the role of their population’s income, their marginal propensity to consume, and the economic nature of pharmacy franchises. The economic impact of pharmacies was set as a function of pharmacy’s activity expenditures; magnified by an economic multiplier or local premium coefficient. Such expenditure were represented by three independent variables namely; direct employment or income impact, expenditure profile or expenditure impact, and tax revenue or tax impact. The sampled pharmacies generated an estimated 723 direct jobs, worth about MZN 7.78 million in monthly salaries and wages. Expenditure profile which represented the typical pharmacy’s operational expenditure excluding salaries, wages and taxes, was estimated to an annual value of MZN 9.13 million; whereas the annual tax (income and corporate) revenue was about MZN 3.63 million. The average local premium or economic multiplier was estimated to about 3.89; which meant that for every metical generated by pharmacy’s activities, it added 3.89 times the value to the local economy. When applying the economic multiplier to the sample expenditures estimates; it yielded an average sampled economic impact of about MZN 422.58 million (ZAR 112.39 million or USD 8.01 million). When inferring the sample results to the population of functional pharmacies in Maputo, the estimated total economic impact was worth about MZN 578.06 million (ZAR 153.74 million or USD 10.96 million); which represented 0.12% of the country’s GDP with each individual pharmacy contributing an average of MZN 3.99 million (ZAR 1.06 million or USD 0.076 million). Finally, the employment or income impact represented 88% of the overall impact share, 9% was attributed to the pharmacy’s expenditure profile and 3% to the related tax expenditures. The economic impact of pharmacies in the city of Maputo was apparent. It was also evident from respondents feedback that such pharmacy activities and their inter-related economic value chains were in inception phase, therefore demanding more formal and clear governance structure from the related authorities, so that the associated expenditures were able to more effectively re-cycle throughout the economy with an increasing yielded value and impact to the local economy.Abstract available in the PDF

implication for assessing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks

Funding Information: This work was also supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through a cooperative agreement number 5NU14GH001237-03-00. The views expressed in this written publication do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. European Foundation Initiative into Neglected Tropical Disease also supported this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We thank all community leaders, household heads staff from the provincial health directorates, staff from the Medical Entomology Laboratory from the National Institute of Health, staff from National Malaria Control Programme, and staff from the Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute for their support during field work, laboratory testing and identification of Aedes spp. We also thank José Feriano Américo who produced the maps of this work. Ours special thanks goes to Professor J. Dereck Charlwood who revised the English grammar and typos of the entire manuscript. Consent for publication Our manuscript does not present any individual person's data. Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Abílio et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Background: Aedes-borne arboviruses have emerged as an important public health problem worldwide and, in Mozambique, the number of cases and its geographical spread have been growing. However, information on the occurrence, distribution and ecology of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes remain poorly known in the country. Methods: Between March and April 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 32 districts in Mozambique to determine the distribution and breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Larvae and pupae were collected from a total of 2,807 water-holding containers using pipette, dipper, funnel and sweeping procedures, depending on the container type and location. Both outdoor and indoor water-holding containers were inspected. The immature forms were reared to adults and the identifications of the mosquito species was carried out with a stereomicroscope using a taxonomic key. Results: Aedes aegypti was found in every district sampled, while Ae. albopictus was only found in Moatize district, situated in Tete Province in the central part of the country. Six hundred and twenty-eight of 2,807 (22.4%) containers were positive for Ae. aegypti but only one (0.03%) was positive for Ae. albopictus. The Container Index (CI) of Aedes was highest in densely populated suburban areas of the central region (260/604; 43.0%), followed by suburban areas in northern areas (228/617; 36.9%) whilst the lowest proportion was found in urbanized southern areas (140/1586; 8.8%). The highest CI of Aedes was found in used tires (448/1268; 35.3%), cement tanks (20/62; 32.3%) and drums (21/95; 22.1%). Conclusion: Data from our study showed that Ae. aegypti is present nation-wide, since it occurred in every sampled district, whilst Ae. albopictus had a limited distribution. Therefore, the risk of transmission of dengue and chikungunya is likely to have been underestimated in Mozambique. This study highlights the need for the establishment of a national entomological surveillance program for Aedes spp. in Mozambique in order to gain a better understanding about vector bionomics and to support the development of informed effective vector control strategies.publishersversionpublishe

Distribution and breeding sites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in 32 urban/peri-urban districts of Mozambique: implication for assessing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-02-19T13:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielagarcia_marianafdavid_etal_IOC_2018.pdf: 3042517 bytes, checksum: 816c1d8c25307b7acf7d49089e5ffbad (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2019-02-19T13:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielagarcia_marianafdavid_etal_IOC_2018.pdf: 3042517 bytes, checksum: 816c1d8c25307b7acf7d49089e5ffbad (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-19T13:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabrielagarcia_marianafdavid_etal_IOC_2018.pdf: 3042517 bytes, checksum: 816c1d8c25307b7acf7d49089e5ffbad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Directorate of Public Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical. GHTM. Lisboa, Portugal.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brasil.Ministry of Health. National Institute of Health. Maputo, Mozambique.Aedes-borne arboviruses have emerged as an important public health problem worldwide and, in Mozambique, the number of cases and its geographical spread have been growing. However, information on the occurrence, distribution and ecology of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes remain poorly known in the country