Astrospeak in turns : Minimal sequences of conversation in institutional talk

Interaction in many professions or institutions has led to the development of domainspecific language varieties, or registers. To distinguish these forms of language from other, everyday registers, linguistics has grouped them as Languages for Specific purposes (LSPs). The thesis focuses on the LSP used by the Apollo astronauts and mission control during the US Moon landing program in the late 1960’s/early 1970’s. The data used are the transcripts of the Apollo 12 air-to-ground transmissions from 1969, accessible online via a NASA website. The data is described using register analytical approaches provided by Biber & Conrad (2009). Additionally, institutional constraints and radiotelephony (R/T) are discussed as restrictive factors for talk. The thesis concentrates on the sequence organization of the language variety, named Astrospeak by the author. More specifically, the thesis employs the methodologies of conversation analysis (CA) to explore the minimal sequence structure of Astrospeak. A minimal sequence refers to the unexpanded base form of sequence which is constructed out of turns, and whose organization is the foundation for interaction. In addition to examining the minimal sequence structure of Astrospeak, the thesis questions discuss the nature of the interaction in relation to the two research approaches for conversation: CA and Institutional CA (ICA). The hypothesis is that Astrospeak favors a three-turn minimal sequence structure. This follows the findings of Kevoe-Feldman & Robinson (2012). Using common CA frameworks amended with institutional considerations, the analysis shows that Astrospeak does take a three-turn minimal sequence when initiated with an open question. Conversely, if no tangible information is produced in the response turn, a third turn is not triggered. The presence of the third turn is due to institutional and R/T constraints. The thesis is the first linguistic study of Astrospeak. In addition to exploring the sequence organization of the interaction, the thesis suggests that ICA-specific frameworks could help theoretically differentiate LSPs from ‘ordinary’ talk. For that, the concept of procedurality is discussed as a descriptive tool for further research

PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES OF HELSINKI OLYMPIC STADIUM

This paper presents an overview of the fire safety analysis conducted for the steel trusses of Helsinki Olympic Stadium stand. The analysis were conducted using advanced calculation models (FDS and SAFIR). It is shown that the predefined design solution (R60 fire protection with sprinklers) can be replaced by fire protection to class R15 (no sprinkler system) without sacrificing safety when some other passive protection means are applied. The good design solution in this case required highly iterative design process and smooth co-operation between client, architects, structural engineers and fire safety consultants

Shear Resistance of Thin Metal Plate at Non-Uniform Elevated Temperatures

The shear resistance of thin metal plate consists of three components: shear buckling, the tension field effect and contribution of the flanges. This study considers the first two. The shear resistance of metal plate at elevated temperatures is known when temperature across the plate is constant. However, in many practical applications, such as webs of all-metal sandwich panels and slim floor beams in fire, the temperature distribution across the plate is non-uniform. This study presents the results of a FEM analysis of thin carbon steel, aluminium and stainless steel plates at different non-uniform elevated temperatures. The temperature distributions were motivated by fire tests in literature (on slim floor beam and sandwich panel) and FEM calculations based on the general heat transfer theory. Material and geometric non-linearity were applied in the model. The material models were obtained from the most novel EN standards. The imperfections for the analysis are introduced by superimposing the eigenmodes of the plates. The benchmarking cases used to validate the FEM models are resistances of the plates at uniform elevated temperatures. These results are compared to the test results available in literature. Two methods for predicting the shear buckling, post-buckling and ultimate shear resistances of thin metal plates at non-uniform elevated temperatures are proposed. Design methods are given for carbon steel, aluminium and stainless steel and comparison against the FEM and EN results is made. The proposed methods are calibrated so that they give safe results compared to the considered FEM results

Reflections on the Use of Psychophysiology in Studying Reading on Digital Media

This study reports the results of an experiment for studying the reading experience on digital media using frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha asymmetry, an index of approach/withdrawal motivation. Natural reading of a newspaper on the traditional print medium and a tablet computer were compared. Reading the print newspaper induced relatively greater left frontal cortical activation, suggesting higher approach motivation during reading on paper than on a tablet. The observed differences are moderated by individual differences in personality type (BIS/BAS scales), reading style, and experience with a tablet computer. BAS Drive and Fun Seeking subscales showed a significant negative effect on frontal EEG asymmetry when reading on tablet; increases in the Drive and Fun Seeking scores predicted lower approach motivation. In addition, the analysis of reading profile and demographics showed that focused readers experienced greater approach motivation during reading the print newspaper and a higher experience with a tablet computer was not found congruent with higher approach motivation during reading on a tablet. Implications for information systems research and design practice are discussed

Empathizing with the End User : Effect of Empathy and Emotional Intelligence on Ideation

Trait emotional intelligence and evoked empathy may help in a task where emotion-evoking source material is utilized to ideate solutions and services for the end-user. Participants of the current study read life stories of different persons, with perspective-taking instruction to evoke either high or low empathy. The reading was followed with ideation tasks, first identifying problems that the person of the story is facing, and then creating initial ideas for products or services to help with these problems. The perspective-taking empathy manipulation had an expected effect to the self-reported state empathy; however, it did not have an effect on the performance in the ideation tasks. Trait emotional intelligence was related to the detection of the problems and to the generating of more ideas. The results imply that emotional intelligence may be beneficial in ideation process where perspective of the customer or end user has to be considered.Peer reviewe

Shear Buckling Resistance of Thin Metal Plate at Non-Uniform Elevated Temperatures

Shear buckling of metal plates at elevated temperatures occurs in many applications when considering the resistance of metal structures. Such applications include webs of all-metal sandwich panels in fire, webs of hot gas ducts, webs of slim floor beams of buildings in fire, etc. This study presents a design method for calculating the shear buckling load of a rectangular simply supported metal plate when temperature distribution across the height of the plate is non-uniform. The behaviour of the web can be thought of as involving three stages. Only the shear buckling stage is considered in this study. The post-critical stage that involves tension field resistance and yielding of the flanges will be considered in forthcoming studies. Simply supported rectangular plates made of carbon steel, aluminium and stainless steel are the basic cases examined in this study. They occur frequently in design. In cases where temperature across the plate is high and uniform, solutions and test results for shear resistance can be found in literature. This study proposes a calculation method for the cases, where temperature varies across the height of the plate linearly and nonlinearly. Unfortunately, no test results are available for such cases. The proposed method is based on the results of the finite element method and a search of solutions applying different averaging schemata, of which the most promising one is chosen. The basic idea is to use the equations and reduction factors provided in the Eurocodes. Only the reduction factor for elastic modulus is needed here. Calculations are performed for different types of plates at different temperature distributions. The FEM results are compared with the results from different calculation methods. The goal of the study is to find a practical method for reducing the elastic modulus of a plate with only a single value and then calculate the critical shear stress using Eurocode equations. The results of graphic design method correlate closely with those of the finite element analyses.Metallilevyjen leikkauslommahdus korkeissa lämpötiloissa on ilmiö, joka esiintyy monissa sovellutuksissa kun käsitellään metallirakenteiden kestävyyttä. Metallikennojen ja hattupalkkien uumat tulipalossa sekä kuumien kaasukanavien uumat ovat esimerkkejä sovellutuksista. Tässä tutkimuksessa esitetään suunnittelumenetelmä vapaasti tuetun, suorakulmaisen metallilevyn leikkauslommahduskuorman laskemiseen siinä tapauksessa, kun lämpötilajakautuma ei ole vakio levyn korkeudella. Uuman käyttäytyminen kuorman kasvaessa voidaan jakaa kolmeen osaan. Ainoastaan leikkauslommahdusta käsitellään tässä työssä. Leikkauslommahduksen jälkeisiä vaiheita eli vetokentän kestävyyttä ja laippojen myötäämistä käsitellään seuraavissa tutkimuksissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään vapaasti tuettuja, suorakulmaisia, hiiliteräksestä, alumiinista ja ruostumattomasta teräksestä valmistettuja levyjä, jotka esiintyvät tyypillisesti rakenteiden suunnittelussa. Tapauksiin, joissa levyn lämpötila on korkea ja tasainen, löytyy laskentateorioita ja testituloksia kirjallisuudesta. Tässä työssä esitetään laskentamenetelmä tapauksiin, joissa lämpötila vaihtuu lineaarisesti ja epälineaarisesti levyn korkeudella. Valitettavasti testituloksia tällaisiin tapauksiin ei ole tarjolla. Kehitetty laskentamenetelmä perustuu numeerisella laskennalla saatuihin tuloksiin ja erilaisiin keskiarvomenetelmiin. Ideana on käyttää eurokoodien yhtälöitä ja materiaaliominaisuuksien pienennyskertoimia. Tutkittaessa leikkauslommahdusta, ainoastaan kimmokertoimen pienennyskerrointa tarvitaan. Laskelmat tehdään erilaisille levyille erilaisilla lämpötilajakautumilla. Numeerisen laskennan tuloksia verrataan eri menetelmillä saatuihin tuloksiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on löytää käytännöllinen menetelmä levyn kimmokertoimen pienentämiseen yhdellä arvolla ja sitten laskea leikkauslommahduskestävyys käyttäen eurokoodien yhtälöitä. Graafisen menetelmän tulokset korreloivat hyvin numeerisesta laskennasta saatujen tulosten kanssa

Renewing a University to Support Smart Manufacturing Within a Region

This chapter focuses on the topic of renewing a university in order to be able to support the adaptation of smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 within a region. The chapter introduces Industry 4.0 as a framework for regional development. Factors related to Industry 4.0 related renewal in the region are identified and discussed further. An idea of how to apply Industry 4.0 as a framework for renewal of a multidisciplinary university’s structure and curricula is introduced. Also, a case study for applying Industry 4.0 as a framework for increasing competitiveness in the region is introduced

Economic decision-making in free-to-play games : A laboratory experiment to study the effects of currency conversion

Peer reviewe

P0-paloluokan rakennusten palotekninen suunnittelu

Ympäristöministeriön asetuksen rakennusten paloturvallisuudesta (YMa 848/2017 3 §) mukaan paloturvallisuudelle asetettujen olennaisten teknisten vaatimusten täyttyminen voidaan osoittaa joko suunnittelemalla ja rakentamalla rakennus noudattaen asetuksessa esitettyjä luokkia ja lukuarvoja, tai vaihtoehtoisesti suunnittelemalla ja rakentamalla rakennus perustuen oletettuun palonkehitykseen. Rakennus, joka suunnitellaan paloturvallisuuden kannalta oleellisilta osin tai kokonaan käyttäen oletettuun palonkehitykseen perustuvaa menettelyä, kuuluu asetuksen mukaan paloluokkaan P0. Vaikka paloluokan P0 rakennusten suunnitteluun ja toteutukseen on olemassa kansainvälistä ja kansallista ohjeistusta, on hankkeiden käytännön suunnittelussa, toteutuksessa, hyväksyttämisessä sekä käytön aikaisissa toiminnoissa ilmennyt edelleen haasteita ja kehitystarpeita. Vuonna 2020 käynnistettiin Palosuojelurahaston, Talonrakennusteollisuus ry:n ja Tampereen yliopiston rahoittama tutkimushanke ”P0-paloluokan rakennusten paloteknisen suunnittelun yhtenäistäminen”, jonka tavoitteena oli selvittää Suomessa sovellettavia oletettuun palonkehitykseen perustuvia suunnittelumenetelmiä ja -käytäntöjä, tunnistaa ohjeistukseen ja suunnittelutoimintaan liittyviä keskeisiä haasteita ja tietotarpeita sekä koota yhteen olemassa olevaan kansainväliseen ja kansalliseen kirjallisuuteen perustuen suunnittelua edistävä ja toimialan käytäntöjä yhtenäistävä ohje. Tämä raportti sisältää tutkimushankkeessa kootun ohjeistuksen