Estimation of the fuzzy reliability function using two-parameter exponential distribution as prior distribution

In this research, the fuzzy reliability function of the series system has been estimated using Bayes approach and Mellin transformation. It is based on the existence of two parameter exponential distribution as a previous distribution with the existence of a similar quadratic loss function, square loss function and non- asymmetric precautionary loss function. To apply the Bayes approach, the distribution parameters are assumed to be "random variables", and the traditional Bayes approach was used to obtain Bayes fuzzy capabilities by using Resolution Identity Theory in the fuzzy set. The simulation approach has been applied in this study to know the effect of α value on the fuzzy reliability function capabilities. The experiment has been carried out by assuming different values of the parameters as well as the sizes of the different samples. Furthermore, the applied part has dealt with the fuzzy reliability function estimation of both the quadratic loss function and the precautionary loss function with different α values using nonlinear membership functions. Some mathematical equations have been used to calculate the membership scores of the Bayes estimated points. This purpose has been achieved by converting the original problem into a non-linear programming problem and then divided it into eight secondary problems. The results have been obtained using the LINGO and GAMS programs

Assessment of the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa among Iraqi patients with acne and study of their antibiotic susceptibility patterns

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found in soil and water all over the world. It prefers moist areas, such as wash basins, toilets, and swimming pools that are insufficiently chlorinated, and expired and ineffective disinfection solutions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections range from external infections such as acne. A simple, severe, life-threatening disorder that is highly antibiotic-resistant. Aims: The current study was undertaken to analyze the frequency of P. aeruginosa as a microbial skin infection patient with acne and study their antibiotic sensitivity patterns due to a rise in instances of acne among young people in Iraq. Methods: A total of 61 samples were taken from inflamed and pus discharge patients,27 males and 34 females, with acne vulgaris on the face. Samples were cultured on selective, enrichment, and special media then incubated for 18-24 hr. at 37 °C. Bacterial Isolates Identification was done using different culture media, Microscopic Examination with Gram stain, in addition to Biochemical tests. In addition to API 20E identification system and conformation by VITEK 2 compact system. Antibiotic susceptibility test is done using different antibiotics. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were found in 23 (37.70%)/ 61 of the samples, with 11 (47.83%) male and 12 (52.17%) female.&nbsp

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially