Cutting plane methods for general integer programming

Integer programming (IP) problems are difficult to solve due to the integer restrictions imposed on them. A technique for solving these problems is the cutting plane method. In this method, linear constraints are added to the associated linear programming (LP) problem until an integer optimal solution is found. These constraints cut off part of the LP solution space but do not eliminate any feasible integer solution. In this report algorithms for solving IP due to Gomory and to Dantzig are presented. Two other cutting plane approaches and two extensions to Gomory's algorithm are also discussed. Although these methods are mathematically elegant they are known to have slow convergence and an explosive storage requirement. As a result cutting planes are generally not computationally successful

Community Benefits Agreements

Community Benefits Agreements (CBA’s) are legally enforceable contracts between community groups and developers in which community groups promise to support the developers in seeking approvals, permits, or subsidies, and the developers promise to provide certain benefits to the surrounding community. CBA’s are outgrowths of the civil rights, labor, and community organizing movements. CBA’s often represent community-based unionism, where organized labor supports initiatives beyond the walls of the workplace and the collective bargaining agreement

Savage Desert, American Garden: citrus labels and the selling of California, 1877-1929

In 1877, a year after the railroad reached Southern California, the first shipment of California oranges left the Los Angeles groves of William Wolfskill, bound for St. Louis, Missouri. The box-ends were branded ‘Wolfskill California Oranges’, ensuring that the geographical origins of the fruit were emphasised from the very beginning of their exportation to the Midwest and East. During the 1880s, the innovations of irrigation and refrigerated cars combined with new railroads, massive in-migration and land development to turn California into, in Douglas Sackman’s words, an ‘orange empire’. By 1900, this empire had surpassed Florida as the United States’ leading producer of fruit, while, as one historian explains, ‘the orange crop had passed the cash returns from gold’ found in California. From virtually none a few decades earlier, the average American in 1914 ate over 40 oranges per year, and orange juice had become part of the standard American breakfast. By then some thirty thousand railroad carloads—approximately twelve million orange crates—valued at $20 million, were steaming east from the Golden State each year. Adorning these crates were, in the words of Kevin Starr, ‘the inventive labels’ whose ‘selling of California along with oranges as an image in the national imagination’ are the focus of this article

Chris Lippman v. Deemco Industries, LLC, Steven v. Deem, GP III Incorporated, a Utah Corporation, Reynolds Financial, LLC, a Utah limited liability company, Dexter\u27s Party Ice, LLC, a Utah limited liability company, SBS Business Consulting, Owen Salkin, Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Company, and John and Jane Does I-X : Brief of Appellee

BRIEF OF APPELLEES, OWEN SALKIN AND COLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE COMPANY Appeal from the Ruling of the Second Judicial District Court, The Honorable Pamela G. Heffernan