Migration from the United States to the European Union: trends and characteristics

Improving EU and US Immigration Systems' Capacity for Responding to Global Challenges: Learning from experiencesThis paper analyzes emigration from the United States to the European Union. Few empirical studies have been conducted on this topic and theorization on this type of migration is essentially inexistent. In this paper, we tried to fill this gap and to show how migration between advanced economies is crucial in understanding different and under-researched aspects of international migration. Specifically, the magnitude of migration from the US appears “too large” to be explained through classic migration theories but “too small” when compared to the overall movements originating in other developed countries. As to the main results, the lower migration propensity showed by the US born population compared with that of the population born in other advanced economies seems to be related to its historical evolution: the US has never had mass emigration and US colonialism was historically less relevant, at least compared to Europe. Geographical and cultural proximity assume instead a major relevance in explaining US emigration patterns and magnitude. Focusing on the characteristics of US emigration, we found, that the interplay of various specific forces have created over time a composite profile of this population, which – being characterized by specific and various motivations – looks, generally speaking, heterogeneous. More specifically, the profile of US emigrants in the European Union Member States is, we have found, essentially linked to family formation and to economic integration between EU and US society. We conclude that migration between advanced economies is relevant internationally, but largely ignored at a scientific level. The more interactions between economies are destined to augment, the more an understanding of their consequences for origin and destination countries becomes a priority.This report was produced for Pilot Projects on Trans-atlantic Methods for Handling Global Challenges in the European Union and the United States, a project funded by the European Commission. The project is conducted jointly by the European University Institute (EUI) and the Migration Policy Institute (MPI). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union

The effect of disease burden on the speed of aging: an analysis of the Sardinian mortality transition

Abstract According to the constant senescence hypothesis, senescence cannot be accelerated or decelerated by exogenous factors. Two contrasting theories have been proposed in the literature. According to the inflammaging theory, those individuals who have experienced a higher antigenic load will experience more rapid senescence. Instead, the calorie restriction theory stresses that excessive daily calorie intake can produce an acceleration in senescence. To test these theories, this paper analyzes the evolution of the rate of aging in Sardinia (Italy). In this population, the epidemiological transition started without any substantial modification in nutritional levels. This allows us to test the constant senescence hypothesis against the inflammaging theory, without the possible confounding effect produced by the nutrition transition. To accomplish this aim, the longitudinal life tables from 80 years onwards for Sardinian cohorts born between 1866 and 1908 were reconstituted. They were then used to estimate the rate of aging by means of the Gamma-Gompertz model. Coherently with the inflammaging theory, the results show that the Sardinian population experienced a dramatic decrease in the rate of aging that coincided with the onset of the epidemiological transition

The long-term effect of the Great Recession on European mortality

Some European countries, such as Greece and Spain, were severely hit by the 2008 economic crisis whereas others, such as Germany, were practically spared by it. This divergence allowed us to implement a difference in differences research design which offered the possibility to observe the long-lasting effects produced by the crisis on European life expectancy. Our analysis—based on Eurostat data from 2001 to 2019—shows that life expectancy increased faster, after the onset of the crisis, in those countries where the rise in unemployment was more intense. Furthermore, our results show that this gain in life expectancy persisted, and sometimes further increased, until 2019 when most macro-economic variables had returned to their pre-crisis values. Previous research has identified that mortality behaves procyclically in developed countries: when the economy slows down mortality decreases and vice versa. Our findings show, by contrast, that life expectancy behaves asymmetrically: it responded to an increase but not to a decrease in unemployment. This calls for a reconsideration of the causal mechanisms linking together the economic cycle and mortality in developed countries

Migration from an Advanced Society. Moving from the US to the EU

We analyze emigration from the United States to the European Union over the last 30 years. Few empirical studies have been conducted on this topic and theorization on this type of migration is overlooked. US emigration appears “too small” when compared to other developed countries but “too large” to be explained through classic migration theories. Specific and counterbalancing forces seem to have been associated with US emigration over time: on the one hand, family-formation and EU-US economic-integration have triggered US outward movements while, on the other, the increase of income inequality and home-owners’ proportion has constrained the US emigration propensity

The Effect of the Great Recession on Italian Life Expectancy

The 2008 economic crisis, also called the Great Recession, produced only a moderate rise in unemployment in Italy, but the consequences for public debt management were far more serious. Italy makes for a good case study for evaluating the effect on life expectancy at birth of the cost containment program in the health care system, implemented after the crisis began. To this end we employed the Artificial Control method using the data from the Human Mortality Database to assess the causal effect of the 2008 economic crisis on the subsequent evolution of life expectancy at birth (until 2019, before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic). Our analysis identifies a significant deceleration in the progression of Italian life expectancy. Ten years after the onset of the crisis, Italy appears to have lost almost 1 year of life expectancy with respect to what would have been expected had the crisis never happened

Comparaison des taux de sénescence dans le temps et l'espace

Aux âges adultes, la force de mortalité s’accroît de façon plus ou moins exponentielle avec l’âge, et le paramètre associé à l’âge, ?, permet d’évaluer le taux de sénescence (vieillissement) d’une génération. L’hypothèse a été récemment avancée que le taux de sénescence au niveau individuel serait une constante biologique, proche de 0,1. Cet article contribue au débat de deux façons : il propose d’abord une méthode simple fondée sur une analyse classique des données de panel longitudinal, afin de comparer le taux de sénescence ? entre différentes cohortes et différents groupes où jouent des effets de fragilité et de période, et il présente ensuite quelques estimations empiriques de ?, par sexe, pour diverses cohortes, dans différents pays. La méthodologie proposée est appliquée aux données de la Human Mortality Database pour les générations nées entre 1878 et 1912 (Danemark, Finlande, Norvège, Suède et Suisse), observées entre 65 et 98 ans de 1943 à 2010. Le taux de sénescence ? apparaît effectivement proche de 0,1 : la plupart des écarts qui ressortent de l’analyse (par pays, sexe, génération et âge) sont très faibles en termes absolus, en particulier pour les femmes, même s’ils sont statistiquement significatifs