A linear algorithm for the grundy number of a tree

A coloring of a graph G = (V,E) is a partition {V1, V2, . . ., Vk} of V into independent sets or color classes. A vertex v Vi is a Grundy vertex if it is adjacent to at least one vertex in each color class Vj . A coloring is a Grundy coloring if every color class contains at least one Grundy vertex, and the Grundy number of a graph is the maximum number of colors in a Grundy coloring. We derive a natural upper bound on this parameter and show that graphs with sufficiently large girth achieve equality in the bound. In particular, this gives a linear time algorithm to determine the Grundy number of a tree

An investigation of strategic management on the corporation NESLTE

The object of investigation is a strategic management process in the Corporation Nestle”. The aim of the Master Thesis is to investigate the strategic management of Nestle Corporation. The results are obtained with the following research methods: comparative analysis, time series analysis, SWOT analysis, Internal factor evaluation matrix, Competitive Profile Matrix, and trend forecasting. The recommendations concerning the strategic management, economic activity and management of the “Nestle” Corporation have been developed. SWOT-analysis has been done. Nestlé’s sales forecasts by Zone Europe, Middle East and North Africa, by Zone Americas, by Zone Asia, Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa, by Nestlé Waters, by Nestlé Nutrition and by other businesses for the second half of 2018 and for the first half of 2019 have been computed. The recommendations concerning planning, organizing, motivating and controlling improvements in the “Nestle” Corporation have been given

Association Between PMTCT Services Utilization Among HIV Positive Mothers and HIV Status of their HIV-Exposed Children in Mtwara District, Tanzania

Although without any intervention in PMTCT up to 80% of HIV exposed children could not be infected with HIV, PMTCT interventions provide a critical opportunity to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child during pregnancy, labour and delivery and/or during breastfeeding. The objective of the study therefore was to determine the association between utilization of PMTCT services among HIV positive mothers with children aged 6 to 24 months and HIV status of their exposed children attending post-natal clinics in Mtwara Rural District. The study was carried out between July and August 2012. Analytical cross sectional study using structured questionnaire among 130 HIV positive mothers who had children aged between 6 to 24 months was employed. Random sampling of Health Facilities were done followed by conveniently sampling to select participants, where all HIV positive mothers (who fulfilled the inclusion criteria) who attended the clinic during the time of data collection were consecutively included in the study till the sample size reached. About 10% of children born by mothers who knew their HIV positive status before pregnancy and they were on ARV treatment were infected with HIV compared to 50% of children born by mothers who were not on ART treatment before pregnancy (χ2=4.3, p = 0.038). Transmission rate of HIV from mother to child among mothers whoreceived ARV‘s for PMTCT during pregnancy was 15.5% compared to 58.8% of mothers who do not received ARV‘s for PMTCT during pregnancy. Regardless of intervention, the prevalence of HIV among exposed children who had mixed feeding was 36.1% while for those who were exclusively breastfed/formula fed was 13.8% (χ2= 8.077, p = 0.004). Reduction of MTCT of HIV is possible with effective PMTCT interventions, including access to ARV‘s for PMTCT by mothers during pregnancy, labour, and during lactation period and also for exposed children from birth till when they stopped breastfed or proven to be HIV infected. Appropriate infant feeding practices is also crucial in reduction of MTCT. Strategies to address programmatic challenges of lower ANC attendance, low facility delivery and low post-natal care attendance in rural Tanzania which contribute to low uptake of ARV prophylaxis for PMTCT during pregnancy, labour and after delivery observed in this study are essential

Arabic Language Learning (ALL) for Kids

Arabic Language has an exceptional position in Islam. It is the language of Quran, thus the need to learn and understand Arabic amongst Muslims is of paramount importance. For countries where their native language is not Arabic, the language is only taught in special schools. Arabic language needs to be introduced to children at early ages such as in the kindergarten. With the advent of computer technology, various kind of multimedia tools have been developed for the purpose of language learning. Since children are attracted to computer applications especially those that involve multimedia,there is a need to develop Arabic language learning applications for them. Even though there are few applications available in the market for that purpose, most of them do not fully utilize the multimedia elements. The prime objective of this study was to propose an Arabic Language Learning (ALL) for kids of ages between 4 to 6 years old that enable them to learn the language. In the process, an interactive field-tested ALL for kids has been developed as an alternative to the traditional learning tools. The results of user evaluation on the ALL indicate that it has good usability in terms of Learnability,Usefulness, Ease of Use and Outcome/Future Use. The results also indicate that there is a significant difference between novice and expert users for Usefulness and Ease of Use,while no significant difference for learnability and Outcome/Future Use