Trends of productivity of water in rain-fed agriculture

Rain-fed farmingProductivityCrop productionWater requirementsEvapotranspiration

Banks’ efficiency and credit risk analysis using by-production approach: the case of Iranian banks

This article uses a by-production approach that integrates credit risk to monitor bank efficiency. The method overcomes the possible misspecification issues of the commonly assumed weak disposability (WDA) of undesirable outputs. In addition, our measure extends the classic by-production approach by including statistical aspects through subsampling techniques. We have also provided an algorithm to correct related infeasibilities. Using this approach, we investigate the performance of Iranian banks and credit risk management in the sector for the period 1998–2012. Non-performing loans (NPLs) have been used as an undesirable output and proxy for credit risk in our models. Based on our empirical results, although the banks generally exhibited efficiency improvements over time, their credit risk performance deteriorated considerably after the regulatory changes introduced in 2005. These findings confirm that credit quality can be monitored more actively across Iranian banks

Productivity of water and economic benefit associated with deficit irrigation scheduling in maize

Water deficitIrrigation schedulingMaizeEvapotranspirationCrop yieldEconomic aspects

Trends of productivity of water in rain-fed agriculture: historical perspective

Rain-fed farmingProductivityCrop productionWater requirementsEvapotranspiration

Productivity of water and economic benefit associated with deficit irrigation scheduling in maize

Water deficitIrrigation schedulingMaizeSoil moisturePlant growthCrop yield

Customised structural, optical and antibacterial characteristics of cinnamon nanoclusters produced inside organic solvent using 532 nm q-switched nd:yag-pulse laser ablation

Biomedical values of organic natural cinnamon that are buried in their bulk counterpart can be exposed and customised via nanosizing. Based on this factor, a new type of spherical cinnamon nanoclusters (Cin-NCs) were synthesised using eco-friendly nanosecond pulse laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) approach. As-grown nontoxic Cin-NCs suspended in the citric acid of pH 4.5 (acted as organic solvent) were characterised thoroughly to evaluate their structural, optical and bactericidal properties. The effects of various laser fluences (LF) at the fixed wavelength (532 nm) on the physiochemical properties of these Cin-NCs were determined. The FTIR spectra of the Cin-NCs displayed the symmetric-asymmetric stretching of the functional groups attached to the heterocyclic/cinnamaldehyde compounds. The HR-TEM image of the optimum sample revealed the nucleation of the crystalline spherical Cin-NCs with a mean diameter of approximately 10 ± 0.3 nm and lattice fringe spacing around 0.14 nm. In addition, the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) and optical density (OD600) of the proposed Cin-NCs were measured to assess their antibacterial potency against the Staphylococcus aureus (IZD ≈ 24 mm) and Escherichia coli (IZD ≈ 25 mm) bacterial strains. The strong UV absorption (in the range of 269 and 310 nm) shown by these NCs was established to be useful for the antibacterial drug development and food treatment

Peranan Orang Tua dan Sekolah dalam Mengantisipasi Anak Putus Sekolah

This research was motivated by the desire of researchers to determine the role of parents and schools in anticipation of school dropouts in MTs Pesantren Al-Khoiriyah Turmeric River District Mempawah Year 2014-2015. Sub problem in this research are as follows: 1) how is the role of parents in anticipation of school children in boarding AL-Khoiriyah Turmeric River District Mempawah Year 2014-2015, 2) how the role of the school in anticipation of school children in boarding AL-Khoiriyah Turmeric River Mempawah Regency Year 2014-2015. The results showed: First, the role of parents and schools in anticipation of school dropouts in MTs Pesantren Al-Khoiriyah Turmeric River Mempawah Regency Year 2014-2015 ie, caregiving, instill a love between people, justly, pay attention to children's friends, put in a good environment. Second, the role of the school in anticipation of school dropouts in MTs Pesantren Al-Khoiriyah Turmeric River Mempawah Regency Year 2014-2015 is the school created a situation which could pose school students to remain at home in learning, making clear regulations, making the classroom a comfortable , good work between teachers and schools, the implementation of the BK good, good relationships between the school and parents

Towards a Settlement Structure for Kerala, Part II

PART – II : THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF KERALA CHAPTER V : THE EVOLUTION OF THE SCATTERED PATTERN OF SETTLEMENTS CHAPTER VI : INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FEATURES ON THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF KERALA CHAPTER VII : THE URBAN SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE General characteristics of urban population • The process of urbanisation • The concept of urban centre • Classification of towns by states • Classification of towns by population size •Functional classification of towns • Town groups • Growth of urban centres • Urban clusters and concentration complexes • Growth of urban population • Demographic characteristics of the urban population • Features of functional classification of towns • General characteristics of the structure of workers in urban areas • Certain trends in the working population in the cities of above 1 lakh population • Trends in immigration to cities and urban areas CHAPTER VIII : THE STUDIESA study of cities • The study of towns CHAPTER IX : THE STRUCTURE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS The concept of a village in Kerala • Demographic struCtURe of rural areas • Distribution of population in rural areas • Distribution of villages of different population sizes • Concentration of villages of large population size and small towns in districts and ta1uks • Density of roads in rural areas •The occupational structure • The rural settlement patterns • Physical factors • Historical factors • Economic factors • Social factors • The unit of a rural settlement in Kerala • Trends of change in rural areas CHAPTER X : THE RURAL URBAN PHENOMENA Rural urban knots • An insight to spatial content of settlements •Physical formation of rural-urban knots • Economic characteristics • Social characteristics • Pattern of land use development • Classification of rural-urban knots • Area of influence • General conclusions • Functions of rural-urban knots • The form of rural-urban knots • Criteria for locating the rural urban knots of Kerala • Linear development • General classification of linear development in Kerala along transportation routes • Characteristics of linear development in Kerala CHAPTER XI : THE RURAL-URBAN RELATIONSHIPSRural Urban dichotomy or continuum? • The functional hierarchy of settlements • Role of Services and facilities in rural urban relationships CHAPTER XII : THE MOVEMENT CHANNELS – INTER LINKAGES Transport in Kerala • The transport system • Railways • The road net work •The inland water ways • The air ways and air strips • The ports CHAPTER XIII: THE STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRIES IN KERALA AND THEIR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONFactors that impede rapid industrialisation • Size of factor sector • Composition of factory sector • Characteristics of industrial structure • Size of factories • Location pattern of industrie

Towards a Settlement Structure for Kerala, Part III

PART – III : TOWARDS A SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE FOR KEARALA CHAPTER XIV :I SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FOR PLANNING PURPOSES CHAPTER XV : AN ATTEMPT TO CONCEPTUALISE THE EXISTING SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE IN KERALA • Case studies for establishing the concept • Basis for the concept • Flexibility of the concept CHAPTER XVI : AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 0F THE PROPOSED SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE FOR KERALA CHAPTER XVII : METHODOLOGY IN ARRIVING AT THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURES; AND ANALYSIS • Saturation level of urbanization • Population projection for 2000 A.D. • Life Tables for the estimated population • Labour force • Analyses of occupational pattern CHAPTER XVIII : THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE FOR KERALA BY 2000 A.D. • Urban population distribution • Size of urban settlements • The urban focus • The other urban units • The hierarchy of settlements • Hierarchy of functions • Industrial structure and flow of economy • The social structure and rural-urban relationships • Why the major urban centres should be along the sea-coast • The movement channels and their relationship with the settlement structure APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPH