The relationship between income ınequality and financial development: Panel data analysis

If all classes of society cannot benefit equally from the blessings of growth, although economic growth rates reach the desired level, an income inequality problem arises. At a time when income inequality is growing at the global level, governments are looking for various remedies to establish a more equitable distribution of income. Regulation and improvement of financial markets and ensuring financial development are among the solution offers. In this study, the relationship between income inequality and financial development in the period of 2000-2015 was examined for 30 countries. The countries covered are divided into three groups as the countries with the best, medium, and poor performance in terms of financial development. Panel data-based analyses were used. In this context, the Durbin-Hausman panel cointegration test and Common Correlated Error (CCE) coefficient estimator were applied. The findings proved the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables in all country groups. As a result of coefficient estimates, it was determined that the inverted U-hypothesis was valid for the countries with the best performance, the mixed results for the countries with a medium performance, and the partially inequality-narrowing hypothesis was valid for the countries with poor performance

Varijabilnost populacija obiČnog bora (Pinus sylvestris l.) u Turskoj prema morfoloŠkim obiljeŽjima iglica

In the present study, needle variation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L., Pinaceae) populations in Turkey was investigated. From selected eight populations, a total of 1314 needles belonging to 206 trees were examined. Four morphological needle traits were measured and analyzed to describe the population diversity and differentiation. Analyzed morphological traits showed significant variability. The trees within populations differ significantly in all analyzed needle characteristics, while the differences between populations were significant for the three of four studied characteristics. Present findings revealed that needle length, needle width and the ratio of needle length to needle width showed clinal variation in response to altitudinal gradients. Populations from higher altitudes were characterized with the smaller and wider needles as compared to the populations from lower altitudes. The results of this study could be valuable baseline data for the development of more efficient management plans for this forest tree species

Varijacije u anatomiji iglica običnog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) s obzirom na staništa i nadmorsku visinu u Turskoj

SummaryIn this study, eight Scots pine populations from Turkiye were studied to explore the influence of different habitats and altitudinal zones on the needle anatomical traits. A total of 496 needles belonging to 64 individuals were examined using light microscopy with the aim to score variability of sixteen needle anatomical traits. Variance analysis showed significant differences in needle thickness, needle width, resin canal number, resin canal diameter, central cylinder width, central cylinder thickness, endodermis cell number, endodermis width and endodermis thickness of eight populations depending on habitat zones. However, only resin canal diameter, endodermis width and endodermis thickness differ significantly in examined populations depending on altitudinal gradients. Cluster analysis showed the greatest similarities between the Bolu-Aladağ and Ardahan-Yalnızçam populations, and the most distinguishable population was the Giresun-Espiye population based on the anatomical characteristics of the needles. Although principal component analysis showed that needle width, central cylinder width, needle thickness, and central cylinder thickness had the greatest influence on the delimitation of Scots pine populations distributed in Turkiye, discrimination analysis did not separate the examined populations depending on the anatomical characteristics of the needles.SažetakU ovoj studiji proučavano je osam populacija običnog bora iz Turske, kako bi se istražio utjecaj zona staništa I admorske visine na anatomske značajke iglica. Svjetlosnim mikroskopom promatrano je ukupno 496 iglica uzorkovanih sa 64 stabla, s ciljem utvrđivanja varijabilnosti dieciséis anatomskih karakteristika. Analiza varijance pokazuje da postoje značajne razlike u debljini iglica, širini iglica, broju smolnih kanala, promjeru smolnih kanala, širini središnjeg cilindra, debljini središnjeg cilindra, broju stanica endoderme, širini endoderme i debljini endoderme u osam populacija ovisno o zonama staništa. Međutim, jedino se promjer smolnog kanala, širina endodermisa i debljina endodermisa značajno razlikuju u ispitivanoj populaciji, ovisno o visinskim gradijentima. Klasterska analiza pokazala je najveće sličnosti između populacija Bolu-Aladağ i Ardahan-Yalnızçam, a najistaknutija populacija bila je populacija Giresun-Espiye na temelju anatomskih značajki iglica. Iako je analiza glavnih komponenti pokazala da širina iglice, širina središnjeg cilindra, debljina iglice i debljina središnjeg cilindra imaju najveći utjecaj na razlikovanje populacija običnog bora rasprostranjenih u Turskoj, diskriminantnom analizom ispitivane populacije nisu razdvojene uzimajući u obzir anatomske značajke iglica

Dijital yayıncılık ve dijital yayıncılık araçları

The digital transformation process has been experienced in all areas of society, and publishing processes have been included in this transformation. In this context, this book chapter examines digitalization in publishing, web publishing production and publishing, digital books and digital book tools, digital content production environments, and finally digital book readers and digital libraries

Analysis of antimicrobial consumption and cost in a teaching hospital

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of this study is to compare the periods before and after the intervention applied using the ATC/DDD method in order to ascertain the rational use of antibiotics in a newly established hospital.MethodThe appropriateness of the hospital's antibiotic use, consumption rates and the costs were calculated and compared with other hospitals. Based on these data, an intervention has been planned in order to raise the quality of antibiotic use. The periods before and after the intervention were compared. Between 16 May 2011 and 23 May 2012, data were collected from all hospital units by the infectious diseases specialists and a point prevalence survey was conducted. Anatomical therapeutic chemical classification and the defined daily dose (DDD) methodology were used to calculate the antibiotic consumption.ResultsOn two specific days in 2011 and 2012, 194 out of 307 patients (63.2%) and 224 out of 412 patients (54.4%) received antibiotic treatment, respectively. In 2011 and 2012, the percentage of appropriate antibiotic use was 51% and 64.3%, respectively. Both in 2011 and 2012, inappropriate antibiotic use was found to be significantly higher in surgical clinics in comparison to the internal diseases clinics and the ICU. This was caused by the high rates of inappropriate perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis observed in surgical clinics. During both years, approximately one-third of the antibiotics were prescribed for the purposes of perioperative prophylaxis, while 88.5% and 43.7% of these, respectively, were inappropriate and unnecessary. Cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, combinations of penicillins (including β-lactamase inhibitors) and carbapenems were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics during the study periods. The mean total antibiotic consumption was 93.6 DDD/100 bed-days and 63.1 DDD/100 bed-days, respectively. The cost of total antibacterial consumption was € 7901.33 for all the patients (€ 40.72 per infected patient) and € 6500.26 (€ 29.01 per infected patient), respectively.ConclusionEach hospital should follow and assess their antibiotic use expressed in DDD in order to compare their antibiotic use with national and international hospitals (WHO, 2009 [14])

Seckel syndrome: a case report

Seckel sendromu boy kısalığı, mikrosefali, çıkık burun (gaga burun) ve tipik yüz görünümü ile karakterize otozomal resesif kalıtımlı bir hastalıktır (1). Ateş ve emmeme yakınmasıyla pediatri polikliniğine başvuran üç aylık erkek hasta atipik yüz görünümü nedeniyle polikliniğimize yönlendirildi. Fizik muayenesinde, vücut ağırlığı 2570 gram (<3 persentil), boyu 50 cm (<3 persentil) ve baş çevresi 29 cm (<3 persentil) idi, genel durumu iyi, bilinci açık, malnutre görünümde idi. Olguda, orantılı boy kısalığı, mikrosefali, ön fontanel küçüklüğü, yassı (geriye düşük) alın, mikrognati, düşük ve malforme kulaklar, göreceli büyük göz ve kulaklar, çıkık gaga burun, yüksek damak ve üçgen dar yüz görünümü mevcuttu. Kemik surveyde bilateral 12. kosta kemikleri yoktu. Olguya klinik olarak Seckel sendromu tanısı konuldu. Bu olgu ile mikrosefali ve tipik yüz görünümü olan hastalarda, Seckel sendromu olabileceğini hatırlatmak istedik.Seckel syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by short stature, microcephaly, prominent nose (beaked nose), and typical facial appearance (1). Three-month-old male patient was brought to pediatrics clinic with the complaints of fever and poor sucking, and referred to us because of atypical facial appearance. Physical examination revealed that he had a good general condition, was conscious, and had the appearance of malnutrition. Body weight was 2570 gr (<3rd percentile), length was 50 cm (<3rd percentile) and head circumference was 29 cm (<3rd percentile). The patient had proportionate short stature, microcephaly, the small anterior fontanelle and sloping forehead, micrognathia, low-set and malformed ears, relatively large eyes and ears, prominent nose (beaked nose), high palate, narrow triangular facial appearance. Bilateral 12th ribs were not seen with bone survey. The patient was diagnosed clinically with Seckel syndrome. We want to remind that this case, and therefore patients with microcephaly and typical facial appearance may have Seckel syndrome

Impact of an educational meeting on knowledge and awareness of general practitioners on upper respiratory tract infections

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate knowledge ofprimary care physicians regarding the use of antibioticsfor the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and thespecific outcomes of a health educational meeting in twocities using a self -administered questionnaire.Materials and methods: A standard questionnaire wasfilled by the participants before and after the meeting. Thequestionnaire had seven questions about definition, epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment of URTIs. The knowledgeand approaches of practitioners concern about diagnosisand antibiotic use in URTIs were evaluated. Theproportion of overall satisfied answers before and afterthe meeting was compared.Results: Totally 110 primary care physicians joined intothe study. Before the educational meeting, more than30% of participants stated that the at least 50% of thecausative agents of the URTIs are bacteria. Eighty-eightpercent declared that anaerobes or Neisseria are not theplausible causative agents in URTIs. Only 14% of them indicatedthat procaine penicillin is the primary agent for thetreatment of Streptococcus pyogenes. On the other hand,95% of survey participants considered that penicillin isthe first choice for URTI with Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus.After the educational meeting, most of participants’knowledge showed a significant improvement in knowledge.There were a significantly more correct answers toall questions after the educational meeting compared tobefore the meeting. (27.7% of doctors before vs.92.7%after, p<0.001).Conclusion: As a conclusion, attending the educationalmeetings helps primary care physicians’ to increase theirknowledge and it provides to gain a standard approach intheir professional life

Normal Anatomical Features and Variations of the Vertebrobasilar Circulation and Its Branches: An Analysis with 64-Detector Row CT and 3T MR Angiographies

Purpose. To determine the normal anatomical features and variations of the vertebrobasilar circulation and its branches in patients who underwent multidetector computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) angiographies of the brain. Methods. 135 patients (male, 83 and female, 52; mean age, 50.1 years) who underwent CT or MR angiographies of the vertebrobasilar vasculature for various reasons were analyzed retrospectively. The right and left distal vertebral arteries (VAs), posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICAs), anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICAs), superior cerebellar arteries (SCAs), posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs), and posterior communicating arteries (PCoAs) were analyzed individually. Results. In 24.4% of the cases (33/135) right PICA, in 19.3% of the cases (26/135) left PICA, in 17.8% of the cases (24/135) right AICA, and in 18.5% of the cases (25/135) left AICA were absent. In cases without PICA or AICA, there was a statistically significant, moderately or well-developed AICA or PICA on the same side, respectively . The most common variation was isolated absence of right PICA and was seen in 17.8% of the cases. Conclusions. The anatomic features of the branches of the vertebrobasilar circulation may be different from well-known normal anatomy. CT and MR angiographies allow a precise and detailed evaluation of vertebrobasilar circulation

Effect of ergothineine and quercetin additions in to the in vitro embriyo development

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ergothioneine and quercetin on the in vitro development of bovine embryos. Materials and Methods: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected via ovary aspiration from a local abattoir and cultured in vitro for maturation. After maturation, in vitro fertilization was performed. The pronuclear embryos were divided into three groups: control, 10 ?M L-ergothioneine, and 10 ?M quercetin supplemented. After the addition of antioxidants to the CR1aa medium, in vitro culture of embryos were performed. The cleavage and morula rates were assessed on days 2 and 5, respectively. Blastocyst formation and quality were assessed on days 7-8. Results: Statistical analysis showed cleavage and morula rates were significantly higher in the ergothioneine group compared to the quercetin and control groups (P<0.05). While no blastocysts formed in the quercetin group, the blastocyst rate reached to 17.96% with ergothioneine supplementation on day 8. Conclusion: In conclusion, supplementation with 10 ?M ergothioneine enhanced the in vitro development of bovine oocytes. However, 10 ?M quercetin supplementation impaired development, and no blastocyst formation observed. Further studies utilizing different concentrations are warranted to better understand the effects. This study provides insights into modulating oxidative stress during in vitro embryonic production

Diagnostic approach of tuberculous lymphadenitis in a multicenter study

Introduction: Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) is the most common infectious etiology of peripheral lymphadenopathy in adults, in Turkiye. This study aimed to identify the demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables that differentiate TBLN from non-tuberculous lymphadenitis (NTBLN), as well as the etiology of lymphadenopathy in adults. Methodology: Patients who were over 18 years old and were referred to the infectious disease outpatient clinics with complaints of swollen peripheral lymph nodes, and who underwent lymph node biopsy between 1 January 2010 and 1 March 2021, were included in this multicenter, nested case-control study. Results: A total of 812 patients at 17 tertiary teaching and research hospitals in Turkiye were included in the study. TBLN was the most frequent diagnosis (53.69%). The proportion of patients diagnosed with TBLN was higher among females; and among those who had a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate, positive purified protein derivative test, and positive interferon-gamma release test result (p < 0.05). However, TBLN was less frequent among patients with generalized lymphadenopathy, bilateral lymphadenopathy, axillary lymphadenopathy, inguinal lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and moderately increased C reactive protein levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Identifying the variables that predict TBLN or discriminate TBLN from NTBLN will help clinicians establish optimal clinical strategies for the diagnosis of adult lymphadenopathy