Life Adjustment After Surgical Treatment For Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patients' life adjustment after epilepsy surgery, through instruments of quality of life (QoL), anxiety, depression, preoperative expectations and postoperative life changing. Methods: Thirty-six adults who underwent temporal lobe epilepsy surgery were interviewed before surgery, and 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results: For all patients, epilepsy surgery gave rise to an evolving process of postoperative adjustment, what means that they were satisfied with surgery results, and that their expectations were reached. The improvement was seen in their QoL (p=0.004), anxiety (p=0.019) and depression (p=0.001), which was associated to their perception of positive life changing. The inexistence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and the good QoL after surgery predicted the perception of positive life changing. This study could predict a total of 56.5% of aspects involved in the perception of positive life changing after epilepsy surgery, what seems that other variables may be involved in this process. The patients' status before surgery (expectations, QoL, anxiety, depression and seizures frequency) did not predict the life satisfaction after surgery, what means that when patients evaluate their actual lives they do it looking for daily aspects and do not tend to compare to their lives before surgery. Conclusion: The findings of the present study have implications for the evaluation of life adjustment postsurgery, calling attention to measures of preoperative expectations, anxiety, depression and QoL. The strength of these contributions highlights the importance of registering the patients' feelings and opinions during the presurgical evaluation and may help the health providers to understand the aspects necessary to improve the patients' quality of life.1527175Aydemir, N., Ozkara, C., Canbeyli, R., Tekcan, A., Changes in quality of life and self-perspective related to surgery in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (2004) Epilepsy and Behavior, 5 (5), pp. 735-742. , DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.06.022, PII S1525505004002100Beck, A.T., Assessment of depression: The depression inventory. Psychological measurement in Psychopharmacology (1974) Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry, 7, pp. 151-169Boylan, L.S., Flint, L.A., Labovitz, D.L., Jackson, S.C., Starner, K., Devinsky, O., Depression but not seizure frequency predicts quality of life in treatment-resistant epilepsy (2004) Neurology, 62 (2), pp. 258-261Cankurtaran, E.S., Ulug, B., Saygi, S., Tiryaki, A., Akalan, N., Psychiatric morbidity, quality of life, and disability in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients before and after anterior temporal lobectomy (2005) Epilepsy and Behavior, 7 (1), pp. 116-122. , DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.03.019, PII S1525505005001290Cramer, J.A., Perrine, K., Devinsky, O., Bryant-Comstock, L., Meador, K., Hermann, B., Development and cross-cultural translations of a 31-item quality of life in epilepsy inventory (1998) Epilepsia, 39 (1), pp. 81-88. , DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01278.xDevinsky, O., Barr, W.B., Vickrey, B.G., Berg, A.T., Bazil, C.W., Pacia, S.V., Langfitt, J.T., Spencer, S.S., Changes in depression and anxiety after resective surgery for epilepsy (2005) Neurology, 65 (11), pp. 1744-1749. , DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000187114.71524.c3, PII 0000611420051213000013Gaitatzis, A., Trimble, M.R., Sander, J.W., The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy (2004) Acta Neurol Scand, 110, pp. 207-220Gilliam, F., Hecimovic, H., Sheline, Y., Psychiatric comorbidity, health, and function in epilepsy (2003) Epilepsy and Behavior, 4 (SUPPL. 4), pp. S26-S30Johnson, E.K., Jones, J.E., Seidenberg, M., Hermann, B.P., The Relative Impact of Anxiety, Depression, and Clinical Seizure Features on Health-related Quality of Life in Epilepsy (2004) Epilepsia, 45 (5), pp. 544-550. , DOI 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.47003.xMattsson, P., Tibblin, B., Kihlgren, M., Kumlien, E., A prospective study of anxiety with respect to seizure outcome after epilepsy surgery (2005) Seizure, 14 (1), pp. 40-45. , DOI 10.1016/j.seizure.2004.02.009, PII S1059131104000494Mikati, M.A., Comair, Y.G., Rahi, A., Normalization of quality of life three years after temporal lobectomy: A controlled study (2006) Epilepsia, 47 (5), pp. 928-933. , DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00523.xParadiso, S., Hermann, B.P., Blumer, D., Davies, K., Robinson, R.G., Impact of depressed mood on neuropsychological status in temporal lobe epilepsy (2001) Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70 (2), pp. 180-185. , DOI 10.1136/jnnp.70.2.180Pintor, L., Bailles, E., Fernandez-Egea, E., Sanchez-Gistau, V., Torres, X., Carreno, M., Rumia, J., Setoain, X., Psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy patients over the first year after surgical treatment (2007) Seizure, 16 (3), pp. 218-225. , DOI 10.1016/j.seizure.2006.12.004, PII S1059131106002408Salgado, P.C., Fernandes, P.T., Cendes, F., Pre-surgery expectations and post-surgery life-changing validation process (2008) Epileptic Disord, 10 (4), pp. 290-296. , DecSouza, E.A.P., Salgado, P.C.B., A psychosocial view of anxiety and depression in epilepsy (2006) Epilepsy Behav, 8 (1), p. 232. , 8Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Luschene, R.E., (1970) Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, , Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist PressTellez-Zenteno, J.F., Dhar, R., Hernandez-Ronquillo, L., Wiebe, S., Long-term outcomes in epilepsy surgery: Antiepileptic drugs, mortality, cognitive and psychosocial aspects (2007) Brain, 130 (2), pp. 334-345. , DOI 10.1093/brain/awl316Wheelock, I., Peterson, C., Buchtel, H.A., Presurgery expectations, postsurgery satisfaction, and psychosocial adjustment after epilepsy surgery (1998) Epilepsia, 39 (5), pp. 487-494. , DOI 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01410.xWilson, S.J., Saling, M.M., Lawrence, J., Bladin, P.F., Outcome of temporal lobectomy: Expectations and the prediction of perceived success (1999) Epilepsy Research, 36 (1), pp. 1-14. , DOI 10.1016/S0920-1211(99)00016-9, PII S0920121199000169Wilson, S.J., Bladin, P.F., Saling, M.M., Paradoxical results in the cure of chronic illness: The "burden of normality" as exemplified following seizure surgery (2004) Epilepsy Behav, 5, pp. 13-21Wilson, S.J., Bladin, P.F., Saling, M.M., Pattison, P.E., Characterizing psychosocial outcome trajectories following seizure surgery (2005) Epilepsy Behav, 6, pp. 570-580Wrench, J., Wilson, S.J., Bladin, P.F., Mood Disturbance before and after Seizure Surgery: A Comparison of Temporal and Extratemporal Resections (2004) Epilepsia, 45 (5), pp. 534-543. , DOI 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.48803.

The Effects Of Epileptic Seizures Upon Quality Of Life

Objective: Understand the psychological considerations of the relationship between the effect of seizures upon the patients' perception of seizure control, depression, anxiety and quality of life (QoL). Methods: 151 adult patients with epilepsy diagnosed for over two years were interviewed and responded the 31-Item Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31), the Trait Form of the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI II) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: 45 patients were depressed (29.8%) and 29 (19.2%) had anxiety. Depression scores ranged from 0 to 49 (M=7.4; SD=8.9) and anxiety scores ranged from 19 to 69 (M=41.5, SD=11.9). Total QoL score was correlated to seizure control (p<0.001), perception of epilepsy control (p<0.001), anxiety (p<0.001), and depression (p=0.003). The perception of epilepsy control was correlated to seizure control (p<0.001), seizure frequency (p=0.001), anxiety (p<0.001) and depression (p<0.001). Seizure control was associated to anxiety (p=0.033) and depression (p<0.001). There was co-morbidity between anxiety and depression (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of the seizure frequency and control to the evaluation of perception of epilepsy control and shows that anxiety and depression in epilepsy are predicted by seizure-related (seizure frequency and control) and psychosocial aspects (perception of control and QoL) together.153110113Tracy, J.I., Dechant, V., Sperling, M.R., Cho, R., Glosser, D., The association of mood with quality of life ratings in epilepsy (2007) Neurology, 68 (14), pp. 1101-1107Choi-Know, S., Ching, C., Kim, H., Factors affecting the quality of life in patients with epilepsy in Seoul, South Korea (2003) Acta Neurol Scand, 108 (6), pp. 428-434Loring, D.W., Meador, K.J., Lee, G.P., Determinants of quality of life in epilepsy (2004) Epilepsy Behav, 5 (6), pp. 976-980Johnson, E.K., Jones, J.E., Seindenberg, M., The relative impact of anxiety, depression and clinical seizure features on health-related quality of life in epilepsy (2005) Epilepsia, 45, pp. 544-550Cramer, J.A., Brandenburg, N., Xu, X., Differentiating anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with partial epilepsy (2005) Epilepsy Behav, 6, pp. 563-569Hermann, B.P., Whitman, S., Psychopathology in epilepsy: A multietiological model (1986) Psychopathology in epilepsy: Social dimensions, pp. 5-37. , Whitman S, Hermann BP, eds, Oxford: Oxford University Press;Suurmeijer, T.P.B.M., Reuvekamp, M.F., Aldenkamp, B.P., Social functioning, psychological functioning, and quality of life in epilepsy (2001) Epilepsia, 42 (9), pp. 1160-1168Devins, G.M., Seland, T.P., Klein, G., Stability and determinants of psychosocial well-being in multiple sclerosis (1993) Rehab Psychol, 38, pp. 11-26da Silva, T.I., Ciconelli, R.M., Alonso, N.B., Azevedo, A.M., Westphal-Guitti, A.C., Pascalicchio, T.F., Marques, C.M., Yacubian, E.M., Validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the quality of life in epilepsy inventory (QOLIE-31) for Brazil (2007) Epilepsy Behav, 10 (2), pp. 234-241Gorenstein, C., Andrade, L., Beck depression inventory: Psychometric properties to the Brazilian cross-cultural version (1998) Rev Psiq Clin, 25, pp. 245-250Biaggio AM, Natali?cio D, Spielberger CD. Desenvolvimento da forma experimental em português do Inventário de Ansiedade Traço e Estado, Arq Br Psic Ap 1977;29:31-44Engel Jr, J., International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology (2001) Epilepsia, 42 (6), pp. 796-803Souza EAP, Salgado PCB. A psychosocial view of anxiety and depression in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2006;8(1):232:8Souza, E.A.P., Questionário de qualidade de vida na epilepsia - resultados preliminares. (2001) Arq Neuropsiq, 59 (3), pp. 541-544Meador, K.J., Research use of the new quality of life of epilepsy inventory (1993) Epilepsia, 34 (SUPPL. 4), pp. S34-S38Salgado, P.C.B., Souza, E.A.P., Qualidade de vida em epilepsia e percepção de controle de crises. (2001) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 59, pp. 537-540Birbeck, G.L., Hays, R.D., Cui, X., Vickrey, B.G., Seizure reduction and quality of life improvements in people with epilepsy (2002) Epilepsia, 43 (5), pp. 535-538Attarian, H., Vahle, V., Carter, J., Relation between depression intractability of seizures (2003) Epilepsy Behav, 4, pp. 298-301Cramer, J.A., Blum, D., Reed, M., The influence of comorbid depression on quality of life for people with epilepsy (2003) Epilepsy Behav, 4 (5), pp. 515-521Johnson, E.K., Jones, J.E., Seidenberg, M., Hermann, B.P., The relative impact of anxiety, depression, and clinical seizure features on health-related quality of life in epilepsy (2004) Epilepsia, 45 (5), pp. 544-55

The Second Step In The Construction Of A Stigma Scale Of Epilepsy

Rationale: The issue of stigmatization is one of the most common psychosocial problems faced by people with epilepsy. Purpose: A second step towards the development of a scale to measure epilepsy stigma. Method: We applied a closed questionnaire to 12 patients and 32 relatives from the Epilepsy Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital of Campinas. Results: The results are grouped in three main domains: medical, social and personal areas. Medical: the subjects did not know exactly what epilepsy is or how it is caused; nonetheless they know how to treat it. Social: the most important areas that people with epilepsy are discriminated are at work and social relationships. Patients also complained about their lack of freedom and limits on recreation activities. Personal Area: subjects apparently have the same feelings and thoughts about epilepsy and seizures. Conclusion: This study analyzed the most common aspects presented in the questionnaire to assess epilepsy stigma for the Brazilian culture which are the base to the elaboration of a stigma scale of epilepsy.632 B395398Fernandes, P.T., Souza, E.A., Identification of family variables in parents' groups of children with epilepsy (2001) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 59, pp. 854-858Li, L.M., Sander, J.W., National demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil (2003) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 61, pp. 153-156Leidy, N.K., Rentz, A.M., Grace, E.M., Evaluating health-related quality of life outcomes in clinical trials of antiepileptic drug therapy (2004) Epilepsia, 39, pp. 965-977Baker, G.A., Brooks, J., Buck, D., Jacoby, A., The stigma of epilepsy: A European perspective (2000) Epilepsia, 41, pp. 98-104Baker, G.A., Nashef, L., Van Hout, B.A., Current issues in the management of epilepsy: The impact of frequent seizures on cost of illness, quality of life, and mortality (1997) Epilepsia, 38 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S1-S8Baker, G.A., Jacoby, A., Chadwick, D.W., The associations of psychopathology in epilepsy: A community study (1996) Epilepsy Res, 25, pp. 29-39Jacoby, A., Felt versus enacted stigma: A concept revisited. Evidence from a study of people with epilepsy in remission (1994) Soc Sci Med, 38, pp. 269-274Placencia, M., Farmer, P.J., Jumbo, L., Sander, J.W., Shorvon, S.D., Levels of stigmatization of patients with previously untreated epilepsy in northern Ecuador (1995) Neuroepidemiology, 14, pp. 147-154Ratsepp, M., Oun, A., Haldre, S., Kaasik, A.E., Felt stigma and impact of epilepsy on employment status among Estonian people: Exploratory study (2000) Seizure, 9, pp. 394-401Scambler, G., Hopkins, A., Generating a model of epileptic stigma: The role of qualitative analysis (1990) Soc Sci Med, 30, pp. 1187-1194Ryan, R., Kempner, K., Emlen, A.C., The stigma of epilepsy as a self-concept (1980) Epilepsia, 21, pp. 433-444Fernandes, P.T., Salgado, P.C., Ala, N., Barbosa, F.D., Souza, E.A., Li, L.M., Stigma Scale of Epilepsy: Conceptual issues (2004) J Epilep Clin Neuropshysiology, 10, pp. 213-218McLin, W.M., De Boer, H.M., Public perceptions about epilepsy (1995) Epilepsia, 36, pp. 957-95

Impact Of Epilepsy At Work: Evaluation Of Quality Of Life [impacto Da Epilepsia No Trabalho: Avaliação Da Qualidade De Vida]

This study searched for the knowledge of the most affected aspects in the quality of life (QoL) of patients with epilepsy. The sample consisted of 134 individuals with epilepsy, aging 18 to 59 years (M=35.38; DP=9.86) chosen at random from the Ambulatory of Epilepsy of HC/UNICAMP, interviewed by the QoL-65. Most of the subjects have not completed elementary school (58.2%), have not had any paid work (69.5%) and were single (48.5%). The most affected factor in epilepsy was the work area (31.29%), what reinforces studies showing the high level of unemployment or subemployment in epileptic population and aware to the importance of the insertion in the work-market as an economic and social integration factor and as a way of improving self-steem.602 B442445Ribeiro, J.L., Mendonça, D., Martins Da Silva, A., Impact of epilepsy on QOL in a Portuguese population: Exploratory study (1998) Acta Neurol Scand, 97, pp. 287-294Devinsky, O., Cramer, J.A., Introduction: Quality of life in epilepsy (1993) Epilepsia, 34 (4 SUPPL.), pp. S1-S3Gertrudis, I.J.M., Kempen, P.R.D., Ormel, J., Brilman, I., Relyveld, J., Adaptative responses among dutch elderly: The impact of eight chronic medical conditions on HRQOL (1997) Am J Public Health, 87, pp. 38-44Salgado, P.C.B., Souza, E.A.P., Qualidade de vida em epilepsia e percepção de controle de crises (2001) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 59, pp. 537-540Souza, E.A.P., Guerreiro, M.M., Qualidade de vida (1996) Epilepsia, pp. 191-194. , Guerreiro CAM, Guerreiro MM (eds). São Paulo: Lemos EditorialMeador, K.J., Research use of the new quality of life in epilepsy inventory (1993) Epilepsia, 34 (4 SUPPL.), pp. S34-S38Souza, E.A.P., Questionário de qualidade de vida na epilepsia: Resultados prelimirares (2001) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 59, pp. 541-544Masland, R.L., Psychosocial aspects of epilepsy (1985) The Epilepsies, pp. 105-106. , Porter RJ, Morselli PL (eds). London: ButterworthsGuldvog, B., Loyning, Y., Hanssen, E.H., Flood, S., Bjonaes, H., Surgical versus medical treatment for epilepsy. II: Outcome related to social areas (1991) Epilepsia, 32, pp. 477-486Boer, H.M., Epilepsy and society (1995) Epilepsia, 36 (1 SUPPL.), pp. S8-S11Scambler, G., Hopkins, A., Social class, epileptic activity and disadvanatge at work (1980) J Epidemiol Community Health, 34, pp. 129-133Hartshorn, J.C., Byers, V.L., Importance of health and family variables related to quality of life in individuals with uncontrolled seizures (1994) J Neurosci Nurs, 26, pp. 288-297Elwes, R.D.C., Marshall, J., Beattie, A., Newman, P.K., Epilepsy and employment: A community based survey of high unemployment (1991) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 54, pp. 200-203Jacoby, A., Impact of epilepsy on employment status: Findings from a UK study of people with well-controlled epilepsy (1995) Epilepsy Res, 21, pp. 125-132Hermann, B.P., Whitman, S., Wyller, A.R., Anton, M.T., Vanderzwagg, R., Psychosocial predictors of psychopatology in epilepsy (1990) Brit J Psychiatry, 156, pp. 98-105Dodrill, C.B., Beier, R., Kasparick, M., Tacke, I., Tacke, U., Tan, S.Y., Psychosocial problems in adults with epilepsy: Comparison of findings from four countries (1984) Epilepsia, 25, pp. 176-183Emlen, A.C., Ryan, R., (1985) The Epilepsies, pp. 98-103. , Personal communication to R. Masland. In Porter RJ, Morselli PL (eds) London: ButterworthsCollings, J.A., (1992) Epilepsy and the Experience of Employment: A Report of a National Survey by the British Epilepsy Association, , Leeds: BEAThompson, P.J., Upton, P., Quality of life in family members of persons with epilepsy (1994) Epilepsy and Quality of Life, pp. 220-226. , New York: Raven PressJahoda, M., (1982) Employment and Unemployment, a Social Psychological Analysis, , Cambridge: Cambridge Univ PressRuchlin, H.S., Morris, J.N., Impact of work on the quality of life community residing young elderly (1991) Am J Public Health, 81, pp. 498-500Collings, J.A., Psychosocial well-being and epilepsy: An empirical study (1990) Epilepsia, 31, pp. 418-426Hayes, J., Nutman, P., (1981) Understanding the Unemployment, , London: Tavistoc

Formation Of Groups As Psychological And Social Support In Epilepsy [formação De Grupos Como Suporte Psicológico E Social Na Epilepsia]

Epilepsy is a neurological condition that affects patients and their family behavior and well-being often leading to social withdrawn. For this reason, it is important that people learn about epilepsy, and which are the social implications on the lives of people with epilepsy stop them of being victims of the stigma in the community. This article aims to show the importance of working with groups in epilepsy. We try to provide basic guidelines towards achieving effective results. The group dynamics improves the interpersonal relationships, focusing the treatment of their problems and difficulties, especially in chronic diseases. Our experience has shown that this intervention has a great potential to provide well-being, reducing the people's anxiety and ultimately providing improvement in the quality of life and reduction of the felt stigma.103171174Fernandes, P.T., Souza, E.A.P., Identification of family variables in parent's groups of children with epilepsy (2001) Arquivos de Neuropsiquiatria, 59 (4), pp. 854-858Baker, G.A., The psychosocial burden of epilepsy (2002) Epilepsia, 43 (6), pp. 26-30www.aspebrasil.org, ASPEPalmini, A., Costa, J.C., Introdução à epileptologia clínica e classificação das epilepsias e crises epilépticas (1998) Fundamentos neurobiológicos das epilepsias: Aspectos clínicos e cirúrgicos, pp. 149-161. , Costa JC, Palmini A, Yacubian EMT, Cavalheiro EA, editors:, São Paulo. Lemos editorial;Guerreiro, C.A.M., Guerreiro, M.M., (1999) Epilepsia: O paciente otimamente controlado, , São Paulo: Lemos editorial;, 83pGoldstein, J., Seidenberg, M., Peterson, R., Fear of seizures and behavioral functioning in adults with epilepsy (1990) Journal of Epilepsy, 3, pp. 101-106Scambler, G., Hopkins, A., Being epileptic: Coming to terms with stigma (1986) Sociology of health and illness, 8, pp. 26-43Fernandes, P.T., Souza, E.A.P., Procedimento educativo na epilepsia infantil (2001) Estudos de Psicologia, 6 (1), pp. 115-120Baker, G.A., Jacoby, A., Buck, D., Stalgis, C., Monnet, D., Quality of Life of people with epilepsy: An European study (1997) Epilepsia, 38 (3), pp. 353-362Gumnit, R.J., (1997) Living well with epilepsy, , New York: Demos Vermande;, 249pGuerreiro, M.M., Silva, E.A., Scotoni, A.E., Souza, E.A.P., Qualidade de vida em epilepsia na infância (1994) Jornal da Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, 7 (1), pp. 21-26Fernandes, P.T., Souza, E.A.P., Grupos de pais na epilepsia infantil: Uma visão psicológica (2003) Journal of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, 9 (4), pp. 225-229Guerreiro, C.A.M., Guerreiro, M.M., Cendes, F., Lopes-Cendes, I., (1999) Epilepsia, , São Paulo, Lemos Editorial;Guerreiro CAM, Guerreiro MM. Epilepsia - 50 FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). São Paulo, EPM (Editora de Produtos Médicos)2004Revistas, A.S.P.E., Sem Crise, , www.aspebrasil. org, Disponível emRevista ComCiência (Neurociências: Epilepsia 200234). Disponível em: 〈www.comciencia.br/reportagens/epilepsia

Dietary Supplement Usage And Motivation In Brazilian Road Runners

Background: The consumption of dietary supplements is highest among athletes and it can represent potential a health risk for consumers.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of consumption of dietary supplements by road runners.Methods: We interviewed 817 volunteers from four road races in the Brazilian running calendar. The sample consisted of 671 male and 146 female runners with a mean age of 37.9 ± 12.4 years.Results: Of the sample, 28.33% reported having used some type of dietary supplement. The main motivation for this consumption is to increase in stamina and improve performance. The probability of consuming dietary supplements increased 4.67 times when the runners were guided by coaches. The consumption of supplements was strongly correlated (r = 0.97) with weekly running distance, and also highly correlated (r = 0.86) with the number of years the sport had been practiced. The longer the runner had practiced the sport, the higher the training volume and the greater the intake of supplements. The five most frequently cited reasons for consumption were: energy enhancement (29.5%), performance improvement (17.1%), increased level of endurance (10.3%), nutrient replacement (11.1%), and avoidance of fatigue (10.3%). About 30% of the consumers declared more than one reason for taking dietary supplements. The most consumed supplements were: carbohydrates (52.17%), vitamins (28.70%), and proteins (13.48%).Conclusions: Supplement consumption by road runners in Brazil appeared to be guided by the energy boosting properties of the supplement, the influence of coaches, and the experience of the user. The amount of supplement intake seemed to be lower among road runners than for athletes of other sports. We recommend that coaches and nutritionists emphasise that a balanced diet can meet the needs of physically active people.111Braun, H., Koehler, K., Geyer, H., Kleiner, J., Mester, J., Schanzer, W., Dietary supplement use among elite young German athletes (2009) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 19, pp. 97-109. , 19403956Wiens, K., Erdman, K.A., Stadnyk, M., Parnell, J.A., Dietary supplement usage, motivation, and education in young, Canadian athletes (2014) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24667342Dietary changes, fluid replacement, dietary supplements and drugs: demonstration of ergogenic action and potential health risks (2003) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 9, pp. 52-58Salgado, J.V.V., Lollo, P.C., Miyasaka, C.K., Chacon-Mikahil, M.P.T., Prevalence of the Dietary Supplements Intake in Brazilian Road Runners (2008) 13th annual congress of the European College Sport Science, p. 718. , Taylor & Francis in Estoril, Portugal, 1Kohler, M., Thomas, A., Geyer, H., Petrou, M., Schanzer, W., Thevis, M., Confiscated black market products and nutritional supplements with non-approved ingredients analyzed in the Cologne Doping Control Laboratory 2009 (2010) Drug Test Anal, 2, pp. 533-537. , 21204286Hespanhol Junior, L.C., Costa, L.O.P., Carvalho, A.C.A., e Lopes, A.D., A description of training characteristics and its association with previous musculoskeletal injuries in recreational runners: a cross-sectional study (2012) Rev Bras Fisioter [online], 16, pp. 46-53Salgado, J.V.V., Comparison of functional and biochemical indicators in middle aged men undergoing aerobic training and long distance runners. (2009) Ms thesis. 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Fighting Against The Stigma In Epilepsy By Awareness Through Out Of Media [combate Ao Estigma Na Epilepsia Pela Conscientização Através Da Mídia]

Epilepsy is still a stigmatizing condition nowadays. It is time to react and to bring down the prejudice. The goal of this paper is to provide an easy instrument for fighting against the stigma in epilepsy, through an appropriate expression and widespread information of this condition, so that the stigma can be minimized. The instrument used is part of the Kit anti-stigma CD, released in March, 2003, by ASPE (Assistência à Saúde de Pacientes com Epilepsia) and refers to a letter addressed to the media, seeking the promotion and awareness of epilepsy.103167170Jacoby, A., Stigma, epilepsy and quality of life (2002) Epilepsy & Behavior, 3, pp. S10-S20Baker, G.A., The psychosocial burden of epilepsy (2002) Epilepsia, 43 (6), pp. 26-30Guerreiro, C.A.M., Guereiro, M.M., (1999) Epilepsia - o paciente otimamente controlado, , São Paulo: Lemos Editorial;, 83pScambler, G., Hopkins, A., Generating a model of epileptic stigma: The role of quantitative analysis (1990) Soc Sci Med, 30 (11), pp. 1187-1194ASPE. CD Kit anti-estigma 2003Guerreiro, C.A.M., Guerreiro, M.M., Cendes, F., Lopes-Cendes, I., (1999) Epilepsia, , São Paulo: Lemos Editorial;Guerreiro CAM, Guerreiro MM. Epilepsia - 50 FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). São Paulo: EPM (Editora de Produtos Médicos)2004Revista, A.S.P.E., Sem Crise, , www.aspebrasil. org, Disponível emRevista ComCiência (Neurociências: Epilepsia 200234). Disponível em: 〈www.comciencia.br/reportagens/epilepsia