Comparison of rumination between men and women with obsessive- compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study

Introduction: Ruminations are one of the influencing factors in the development and continuation of obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobias. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the rumination between man and women with obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety. Materials & Methods: The research design was cross-sectional. The research participants included 30 patients with social anxiety disorder and 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who were aged between 15 and 50 years from Zanjan city in 2017. Samples were selected on the basis of psychiatrist diagnosis and structured diagnostic interviews (SCID-I) and (SCID-II), and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The rumination response style questionnaire (RRS) was used to measure the variables. Results: The results of MANOVA showed that women with OCD have more rumination and distraction than men with this disorder (p≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between two groups regarding the component of contemplation. There was no significant difference between men and women in social anxiety disorder in terms of rumination and its related components. Conclusion: According to research findings, rumination plays an important role in obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety, which are experienced by both groups. Therefore, the role of ruminations in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder is more intense. &nbsp

The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on anxiety-depressive symptoms and emotion regulation in child laborers

Objectives:   This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy on anxiety-depressive symptoms and emotion regulation in child laborers. Materials & Methods:  This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted on child laborers.The obtained data were collected from 15 participants in the experimental and 15 inthe control group. The members of control group didn’t receive any intervention. The participants in experimental group received the cognitive-behavioral group therapy based on "coping cat" program. The treatment consisted of 18 weeks of 90-min sessions meeting once a week. Participants of two groups completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (R-CADS) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-child version (CERQ-K) before and after intervention and three months later. Results: Repeated measurement of ANOVA indicated that the CBT significantly decreased depressive-anxiety symptoms and negative emotion regulation strategies as well as increased positive emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, results yielded moderate to large effect sizes for improvement of dependent variables. Conclusion: This study showed significant differences in anxiety-depressive symptoms and emotion regulation between two groups. Therefore, CBT seems to be an effective intervention in child laborers. However when applying this intervention, the special cultural, social, educational and economic conditions of these children must be considered. &nbsp

Psychological predictors of emotional divorce in couples

Objective: Emotional divorce in today's society is a silent problem and leads to marital dissatisfaction, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the psychological predictors of emotional divorce in couples. Method: This research was descriptive-analytical. The study population was all couples in Zanjan city. The sample size according to Free Statistics Calculators Version4 was 423 people. Using random cluster sampling, married people from Zanjan were randomly selected. Guttmann Emotional Divorce, Internet Addiction, and Humor styles Questionnaires were randomly assigned to participants to complete. Finally, for the final analysis of the data, including 413 descriptive statistics and structural models were performed. In order to investigate the structural model due to the normality of the data and the acceptability of other prerequisites, as well as the graphical environment and high capability of AMOS software, version 22 of this software package was used. Results: In the final general model, 35% of the variance of emotional divorce was explained by the variables of sexual satisfaction and Internet addiction, and the fit indices were appropriate and acceptable. The data showed that sexual satisfaction (64) was more important for men in emotional divorce. Among women, Internet addiction had more explanatory power in emotional divorce than sexual satisfaction. The Internet addiction pathway coefficient was about 66. and the sexual satisfaction pathway coefficient was about 48. Conclusion: Emotional divorce is a multi-factor or multi-causal phenomenon that is affected by both psychological and sociological factors. As shown in the findings section, Internet addiction and sexual satisfaction were strongly predictors of emotional divorc

The relationship between feeling of loneliness, source of control, and intolerance of ambiguity with death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 era

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global epidemic, can cause widespread and irreparable disorders in the personal and social health. Although elderly people are more at risk, they receive less attention in this regard. This epidemic can affect the elderly in different ways, including the fear of contracting the virus and fear of death. This study aimed to determine the relationship between loneliness, locus of control, and intolerance of ambiguity with death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 era. Methods. Using cluster random sampling, this cross-sectional and analytical study included 309 elderly people in Islamabad-e Gharb, Iran in 2022. Data was collected using questionnaires on demographic variables, loneliness, locus of control, intolerance of ambiguity, and death anxiety. The collected data were statistically analyzed using logistic regression. Results. The mean age of participants was 70.69±6.28 years. The prevalence of death anxiety was 71.20% and it was statistically related to gender. The results of regression analysis showed that loneliness, external source of control, high uncertainty intolerance and gender could significantly predict death in the elderly. Conclusion. According to our findings, more than half of the elderly experienced death anxiety. Loneliness, source of control, and intolerance of ambiguity play an important role in death anxiety of the elderly. Death anxiety among this population can be improved by designing psychological interventions based on the feeling of loneliness, source of control from external to internal, and intolerance of ambiguity from top to bottom. Practical Implications. Since death anxiety is a multi-dimensional structure affecting many aspects of the elderly's life and it is one of the most common mental health issues of the elderly, it is essential to investigate the related factors. This can help to take effective steps and improve the mental health of the elderly

دراسة العلاقة بين الصحة العقلية والتوجه الديني مع الاستراتيجيات المعرفية والعاطفية بين الطلاب المطبقين في فرع الطب في جامعة الشهيد بهشتي للعلوم الطبية

سابقه و هدف: سلامت روان و ارتقای آن در سطح جامعه از مهم‌ترین پیام‌ها و وظایفی است که سازمان بهداشت جهانی بر عهدۀ همۀ دولت­ها گذاشته است. همچنین جهت‌گیری مذهبی (درونی و بیرونی) یکی از عوامل تأثیرگذار بر رفتار و شناخت است. ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطۀ بین سلامت روان و جهت‌گیری مذهبی با راهکارهای شناختی-هیجانی در بین دانشجویان رشتۀ پزشکی کارآموز دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی انجام شده است. روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی-همبستگی است. جامعۀ آماری شامل تمامی دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی است که به‌روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی چندمرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند. به این صورت که  از بین 12 بیمارستان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی پنج بیمارستان؛ و از بین تمام کلاس‌های آموزشی بیمارستان، دو کلاس و در هر کلاس دوسوم دانشجویان به‌صورت کاملاً تصادفی انتخاب شدند و پرسش­‌نامه‌های پژوهش‌ بین 200 نفر از آنان توزیع و 150 پرسش‌‌نامۀ کامل و صحیح دریافت شد. ابزارهای استفاده‌شده شامل سنجش سریع علائم سطح اول DSM-5، پرسش‌­نامۀ جهت­گیری مذهبی و پرسش­نامۀ راهبردهای شناختی تنظیم هیجان بود و برای تحلیل داده‌ها نیز از روش­های آماری توصیفی و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین سلامت ­روان با تنظیم شناختی-هیجانی رابطۀ منفی معنادار و بین جهت­گیری مذهبی با تنظیم شناختی-هیجانی رابطۀ معناداری وجود داشت. همچنین بین سلامت ­روان با جهت­گیری مذهبی و بین سلامت ­روان با جهت‌گیری مذهبی درونی نیز رابطۀ معناداری وجود داشت ولی بین سلامت­ روان با جهت­گیری مذهبی بیرونی رابطه وجود نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که سلامت ­روان و جهت­گیری مذهبی عواملی مهم در رابطه با استفاده از راهکارهای شناختی-هیجانی هستند.   استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Kianimoghadam AS, Bakhtiari M, Esmaelifard FS, Boulaghi Y, Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L. The Relationship between Mental Health and Religious Orientation with Emotional Cognitive Strategies among Trainee Medical Students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;6(4):57-70. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i4.25052Background and Objective: Mental health and promoting it at the community level are the most important responsibilities the World Health Organization has assigned to all governments. Also, religious orientation (internal and external) is one of the factors influencing behavior and cognition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of mental health and religious orientation with emotional cognitive strategies among medical trainees of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included all students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. In this way, out of the 12 hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, five were randomly selected and among all the training classes of the hospital, two classes are randomly selected in each class, two thirds of the students were randomly selected. Questionnaires were distributed among 200 students and 150 questionnaires, which had been filled in appropriately, were received. The tools used in the study included: Quickly measure first-level symptoms of DSM-5, Religious orientation questionnaire and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. In the present study, all the ethical considerations have been observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.   Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between mental health and emotional cognitive regulation. There was also a significant relationship between religious orientation and cognitive emotional regulation. A significant relationship was found between mental health and religious orientation. Mental health and internal religious orientation were also significantly correlated, but there was no significant relationship between mental health and external religious orientation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that mental health and religious orientation are important factors in using cognitive emotional strategies.   Please cite this article as: Kianimoghadam AS, Bakhtiari M, Esmaelifard FS, Boulaghi Y, Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L. The Relationship between Mental Health and Religious Orientation with Emotional Cognitive Strategies among Trainee Medical Students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;6(4):57-70. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i4.25052خلفية البحث وأهدافه: إن من أهم الرسائل والمهام التي أوكلتها منظمة الصحة العالمية إلى كافة الدول هي الصحة النفسية وتعزيزها على مستوى المجتمع. كما وأن التوجه الديني (الباطني والظاهري) أيضا يعتبر أحد العوامل التي تؤثر على السلوك والإدراك. لذلك، هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى التحقيق عن العلاقة بين الصحة العقلية والتوجه الديني مع الآليات المعرفية والعاطفية لدى طلاب فرع الطب في جامعة الشهيد بهشتي للعلوم الطبية. منهجية البحث: الدراسة الحالية عبارة عن دراسة وصفية ترابطية. شمل المجتمع الإحصائي كافة طلاب جامعة الشهيد بهشتي للعلوم الطبية الذين تم اختيارهم بأخذ عينات عشوائية متعددة المراحل. حيث تم اختيار خمسة مستشفيات من أصل 12 مستشفى من جامعة الشهيد بهشتي للعلوم الطبية، ومن بين جميع الصفوف التعليمية بالمستشفى، تم اختيار صفين ومن كل صف تم اختيار ثلثي الطلاب بشكل عشوائي وتم توزيع استبيانات البحث على 200 منهم وتم استلام 150 استبانة كاملة وصحيحة. اشتملت ادوات البحث على التقييم السريع لأعراض المستوى الأول لـ DSM-5، استبيان التوجه الديني واستبيان إستراتیجیات معرفة كيفية السيطرة على العاطفة، واستخدام الإحصاء الوصفي ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون لتحليل البيانات. تمت مراعاة جميع الموارد الأخلاقية في هذا البحث و إضافة إلى هذا فإن مؤلفي البحث لم يشيروا إلى أي تضارب بالمصالح. الكشوفات: أظهرت النتائج عن وجود علاقة سلبية كبيرة بين الصحة العقلية والتنظيم المعرفي العاطفي وعلاقة واضحة بين التوجه الديني والتنظيم المعرفي الانفعالي. كما كانت هناك علاقة ملحوظة بين الصحة النفسية والتوجه الديني وبين الصحة النفسية والتوجه الديني الباطني، ولكن لم تكن هناك علاقة بين الصحة النفسية والتوجه الديني الخارجي. الاستنتاج: أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة بأن الصحة النفسية والتوجه الديني من العوامل المهمة فيما يتعلق بالحلول المعرفية والإنفعالية.   يتم استناد المقالة على الترتيب التالي: Kianimoghadam AS, Bakhtiari M, Esmaelifard FS, Boulaghi Y, Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L. The Relationship between Mental Health and Religious Orientation with Emotional Cognitive Strategies among Trainee Medical Students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;6(4):57-70. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i4.2505

تأثير توقعات متغيرات المعرفة المجتمعية والذكاء المعرفي والانفعالي والمعنوي على حوافز التطور الدراسي عند التلامذة الإناث

سابقه و هدف: اهميت معنويت و رشد معنوي در انسان، در چند دهۀ گذشته به‌صورتي روزافزون توجه روان‌شناسان و متخصصان بهداشت رواني را به خود جلب کرده است. همچنین مطالعات نشان داده که عوامل انگیزشی در درگیری شناختی بر فرایند یادگیری تأثیرگذار است. ازاین‌رو هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش پیش‌بینی‌کنندگی متغیّرهای جمعیت‌شناختی و هوش ‌شناختی، هیجانی و معنوی بر انگیزۀ پیشرفت تحصیلی بود. روش کار: این مطالعۀ توصیفی از نوع علّی-مقایسه‌ای است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش کلیۀ دانش‌آموزان دختر 12 تا 13 سال شهر تهران در سال 1397 بودند که از میان آنان نمونه‌ای به حجم 280 نفر به‌روش نمونه‌گیری چندمرحله‌ای از مدارس دولتی انتخاب شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون هوشی وکسلر (ویرایش چهارم)، پرسش‌نامه‌های انگیزۀ پیشرفت هرمنس، هوش‌ معنوی ناصری، هوش ‌هیجانی شوت و پرسش‌نامۀ وضعیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی جمع‌آوری؛ و با استفاده از تحلیل رگرسیون تجزیه و تحلیل شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که انگیزش پیشرفت با هوش شناختی، هیجانی و معنوی رابطۀ مستقیم و معنی‌داری داشت (با سطح اطمینان 99 درصد (مقدار p کمتر از یک درصد). به عبارتی با افزایش میزان متغیّرهای مستقل (هوش شناختی، هیجانی و معنوی)، سطح انگیزش پیشرفت نیز افزایش یافت. نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، هوش ‌شناختی، هیجاني و معنوی تأثیر معناداری بر میزان انگیزش پیشرفت تحصیلي دانش‌آموزان دارد و با افزایش هریک از این متغیّرها، سطح انگیزۀ پیشرفت در دانش‌آموزان بالا می‌رود.   استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L, Ahmadi GR, Belal-Habashi S, Masjedi-Arani A, Kianimoghadam AS. The Predictive Role of Demographic Variables, and Cognitive, Emotional and Spiritual Intelligences in Motivation for Academic Achievement in Female Students. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):31-43. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.24534Background and Objective: The importance of spirituality and spiritual growth in humans has attracted increasing attention of psychologists and mental health professionals over the past few decades. Also, motivational factors in cognitive involvement influence the learning process. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive role of demographic, cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences in motivation for academic achievement in female students. Methods: This is a causal-comparative descriptive study. The statistical population of the study included all female students aged 12-13 in Tehran. The sample population consisted of 280 girls, who were selected by multistage sampling from public schools. Data were collected using Wechsler Intelligence Test (Fourth Edition), Hermes Motivation for Academic Achievement Questionnaire, Nasserian Spiritual Intelligence, and Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using regression analysis. In this study, all ethical issues have been addressed and the authors of the article reported no conflicts of interest. Results: The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between motivation for achievement and cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences; at 99% level of confidence, P less than 1%; meaning that with an increase in the independent variables, i.e., cognitive, emotional, spiritual intelligences, the level of motivation for progress also increased. Conclusion: According to the results, cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences had a significant effect on students' motivation for academic achievement and with an increase in each of these variables, the level of motivation for achievement also increased in the students. Please cite this article as: Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L, Ahmadi GR, Belal-Habashi S, Masjedi-Arani A, Kianimoghadam AS. The Predictive Role of Demographic Variables, and Cognitive, Emotional and Spiritual Intelligences in Motivation for Academic Achievement in Female Students. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):31-43. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.24534  خلفية البحث وأهدافه: لقد أثارت أهمية البعد المعنوي والنمو المعنوي في الإنسان اهتمام علماء النفس ومتخصصو الصحة النفسية بها بنحو متزايد خلال العقود الأخيرة. كما أن الدراسات تشير إلى دخالة الدوافع في عملية التعلم عند المواجهة المعرفية. ومن هنا فإن هذا التحقيق يهدف إلى دراسة تأثير توقعات متغيرات المعرفة المجتمعية والذكاء المعرفي والانفعالي والمعنوي على حوافز التطور الدراسي. منهجية البحث: تعتبر هذه الدراسة وصفية من نوع العلّي-المقارن. ويشمل مجال الدراسة جميع الطلبة الإناث اللائي تتراوح أعمارهن من 12 إلى 13 عاماً في مدينة طهران في عام 2018 حيث تم اختيار نموذج منهن بمقدار 280 طالبة وفقاً لطريقة النمذجة متعددة المراحل من المدارس الحكومية. وقد تم جمع البيانات من خلال الاستفادة من اختبار الذكاء لويكسلر -النسخة الرابعة-، واختبار دوافع التقدم لهرمنس، والذكاء المعنوي لناصري، والذكاء الانفعالي لشوت، واختبار الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي. وتم تفكيكها وتحليلها استناداً إلى تحليل ركسيون. وقد تمت مراعاة جميع الجوانب الأخلاقية في هذه الدراسة، ولم يلحظ مؤلفو المقالة أي تقرير لتعارض المصالح. الكشوفات: تشير النتائج إلى وجود علاقة مباشرة وذات معنى بين دوافع التقدم من جهة والذكاء المعرفي والانفعالي والمعنوي من جهة أخرى (بمستوى اطمئنان يبلغ 99 بالمائة "1%>P" في اختبار مجال ما). وبعبارة أخرى، فإنه مع زيادة معيار المتغيرات المستقلة (الذكاء المعرفي والانفعالي والمعنوي) فإن مستوى دوافع التقدم يزيد أيضاً. الاستنتاج: طبقاً للنتائج الحاصلة فإن للذكاء المعرفي والانفعالي والمعنوي تأثيراً ذا معنى على مستوى دوافع التقدم الدراسي عند التلاميذ. ومع زيادة أيّ من هذه المتغيرات فإن مستوى دوافع التقدم يزيد عند التلاميذ.  يتم استناد المقالة على الترتيب التالي: Mousavi SE, Salek-Ebrahimi L, Ahmadi GR, Belal-Habashi S, Masjedi-Arani A, Kianimoghadam AS. The Predictive Role of Demographic Variables, and Cognitive, Emotional and Spiritual Intelligences in Motivation for Academic Achievement in Female Students. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(3):31-43. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i3.2453