Barium effect on germination, plant growth, and antioxidant enzymes in Cucumis sativus L. plants

Barium (Ba) is a nonessential element that can cause several deleterious effects in most organisms. Elevated Ba concentrations can be toxic for plants and may affect growth and disturbances in homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate the Ba stress, the plant-tolerance limits, and the detoxification strategy adopted by Cucumis sativus L. The effect of Ba on seed's germination and vegetative development of this species was evaluated. For germination test, different Ba concentrations were used (0, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 μM). Results showed that germination was stimulated with 500 and 2,000 µM of Ba. The toxicity effect on plant development was studied by treating the plants with increasing doses of Ba (100, 200, 300, and 500 μM) during 45 days. Shoot and root dry biomass production decreased significantly with elevated Ba concentrations, although water content enhanced in the roots. The concentration of Ba, 500 µM, induced high Ba accumulation in shoots and roots (9 times higher than in the control plants). Moreover, results showed that catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities were stimulated in the different tissues of cucumber plants which highlight the occurring of an oxidative damage through Ba treatments and the involvement of the plant enzymatic antioxidant defense system

College’s role in ethical promotion of nursing

Introduction: Because teaching code of ethics to nurses has been considered the gold standard for many nursing colleges and universities, the main goal of this article was to evaluate the effect of college of nursing in changing the attitude of nursing students to professional ethics. Method: The study was performed as sectional-descriptional on 60 students first year (first and second semester) and 60 last year students (seventh and eight semester) of nursing college of Fatemeh Zahra Shiraz university which were selected randomly. Data was gathered using a questionnaire including general level, patient rights, and endvour for professional improvement. Frequency, mean value, and t-test was used for data analyzing. Data were analyzed using Spss software (P≤0.05). Results: 79 (% 65.8) of students were female and 41 (%32.4) of them were male .the average age was 21±1.7, there was not any significant difference between the viewpoints of both groups for professional behavior in general level (P=0.65), patients right (P=0.07), and professional improvement (P=0.43)

Behavior of Cucumis sativus

Aluminum (Al) is an ubiquitously present element in soil; it is considered as a major problem in crop production that affects plant growth and development on acid soils. The aim of this work was to determine the germination parameters, to quantify the water status and growth, to assess the Al accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in plants to evaluate the stress exerted by aluminum in Cucumis sativus L. For germination test, increasing doses of Al were used (0, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 μM). Results showed that germination was stimulated with 500 of Al. Aluminum effects on development were studied by treating the plants with different concentrations of Al (100, 200, 300, and 500 µM, Al) during 45 days. As regards to the plant's growth, water content, and dry biomass production there was a slight increase. On the other hand, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were disturbed by aluminum stress. Data indicate that the catalase (CAT) activity showed a decrease in the different parts of the plant. However, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were significantly stimulated. Studying the effects of Al‐induced stress allowed us to conclude that cucumber has a high ability to accumulate this element in the roots