Influence of Media Stereotypes on Muslim-Americans’ Perceptions of Identity

Most Americans depend on media for information regarding Muslims (Nisbet, Ostman, & Shanahan, 2009). The portrayal of Muslims within media is largely negative (Shaheen, 2001). Given the importance of media as a socializing agent, it is important to understand how media might influence the perceptions of Muslims and non-Muslims on several important dimensions. Media portrayals of Muslims as the “enemy” are likely to reduce the acceptance and inclusion of Muslim-Americans within the American national identity by Non-Muslims. This presentation is also likely to influence Muslim Americans’ perceptions of the compatibility or conflict between their two identities. Using the Social Identity Theory and acculturation literature we explore the theoretical reasons why negative media portrayals of Muslims may influence both, the Muslim-Americans’ and NonMuslim Americans’, perceptions of the extent to which Muslim and American identities are compatible or in conflict

Reducing intergroup biases and conflict through attachment theory

Although an extensive research base exists for attachment effects on several interpersonal behaviors (see Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007a for a review), recent work has suggested the important role of attachment theory in mitigating intergroup biases and conflict (see Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007b for a review). Two experiments tested the effects of secure, neutral, and insecure attachment primes on intergroup bias, conflict schemas, and cooperative, competitive, aggressive, and altruistic behaviors within an intergroup context. In Study One, participants in the secure attachment prime condition displayed lower implicit outgroup bias relative to participants in the neutral and insecure attachment prime conditions. Additionally, attachment primes interacted with ingroup identification for implicit outgroup bias. Specifically, attachment primes were more likely to influence implicit outgroup bias for participants who strongly identified with their ingroup, rather than participants who were low on ingroup identification. In Study Two attachment primes did not significantly influence conflict schema activations or subsequent behaviors within an intergroup context. Implications, weaknesses, and avenues for future research are discussed

Effects of stereotypic video game portrayals on implicit and explicit attitudes

Past research has demonstrated the negative effects of media stereotypes on implicit and explicit attitudes across various forms of media. Because video games are a relatively new form of media, there is almost no research on the influence of video game stereotypes on people\u27s attitudes. The main goal of this study was to test the effects of negative video game stereotypes on implicit and explicit attitudes. The results indicated that negative video game stereotypes are associated with negative implicit attitudes but not negative explicit attitudes. Other results revealed influences of overall media stereotypes, sources of information about groups, direct contact with the stereotyped group, peers\u27 negative attitudes towards the stereotyped group, patriotism, and past negative explicit attitudes on current implicit and explicit attitudes. Implications of media stereotypes, especially in video game are discussed, along with suggestions for future research

Giving the Underdog a Leg Up: A Counternarrative of Nonviolent Resistance Improves Sustained Third-Party Support of a Disempowered Group

In the current work, we experimentally examined the effect of exposure to a narrative of nonviolent resistance on third-party attitudes toward and support for a disempowered group involved in asymmetric conflict. Across three experiments, we found that Americans exposed to a brief video about Palestinian nonviolent resistance consistently registered more favorable attitudes toward Palestinians than people who watched a film trailer either unrelated to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict or a trailer to a Palestinian-made film about sympathetic Palestinians violently opposing Israelis. Americans’ attitudes toward Palestinians and behavior supporting Palestinian collective action persisted weeks after exposure to nonviolent resistance and were mediated by decreased perceptions that Palestinians are inherently violent. Importantly, positive attitudes toward Palestinians did not result in increased negativity toward Israelis. These data show that exposure to nonviolent resistance can have lasting effects on third-party attitudes and behavior toward an underdog/disempowered group, without driving partisanship

Helping and hurting others: Person and situation effects on aggressive and prosocial behavior as assessed by the Tangram task

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136251/1/ab21669.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136251/2/ab21669_am.pd

Tackling antimicrobial resistance in primary care facilities across Pakistan : current challenges and implications for the future

Antibiotics are gradually becoming less effective against bacteria worldwide, and this issue is of particular concern in economically-developing nations like Pakistan. We undertook a scoping review in order to review the literature on antimicrobial use, prescribing, dispensing and the challenges associated with antimicrobial resistance in primary care (PC) settings in Pakistan. Furthermore, this review aims to identify potential solutions to promote appropriate use of antimicrobials in Pakistan. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist, a comprehensive scoping review was conducted to review the literature of antimicrobials used, prescribed and dispensed in PC settings in Pakistan. Google Scholar and Pub-Med were searched for the period 2000–2023. Papers were analyzed on the basis of eligibility i.e., included antimicrobial use, prescribing and dispensing practices by general population at homes, by prescribers in outpatient departments of hospitals and by pharmacists/dispensers in community pharmacies, respectively. Two researchers analyzed the articles thoroughly and disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Both quantitative and qualitative research studies were eligible for inclusion. Additionally, the selected papers were grouped into different themes. We identified 4070 papers out of which 46 studies satisfied our eligibility criteria. The findings revealed limited understanding of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by physicians and community pharmacists along with inappropriate practices in prescribing and dispensing antibiotics. Moreover, a notable prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics was observed among the general population, underscoring a lack of awareness and knowledge concerning proper antibiotic usage. Given the clinical and public health implications of AMR, Pakistan must prioritize its policies in PC settings. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) need to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and dispensing, improve their understanding of the AWaRe (access, watch and reserve antibiotics) classification and guidance, monitor current usage and resistance trends, as well as implement antimicrobial stewardship (ASP) activities starting in targeted locations

Effects of stereotypic video game portrayals on implicit and explicit attitudes

Past research has demonstrated the negative effects of media stereotypes on implicit and explicit attitudes across various forms of media. Because video games are a relatively new form of media, there is almost no research on the influence of video game stereotypes on people's attitudes. The main goal of this study was to test the effects of negative video game stereotypes on implicit and explicit attitudes. The results indicated that negative video game stereotypes are associated with negative implicit attitudes but not negative explicit attitudes. Other results revealed influences of overall media stereotypes, sources of information about groups, direct contact with the stereotyped group, peers' negative attitudes towards the stereotyped group, patriotism, and past negative explicit attitudes on current implicit and explicit attitudes. Implications of media stereotypes, especially in video game are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.</p

Reducing intergroup biases and conflict through attachment theory

Although an extensive research base exists for attachment effects on several interpersonal behaviors (see Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007a for a review), recent work has suggested the important role of attachment theory in mitigating intergroup biases and conflict (see Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007b for a review). Two experiments tested the effects of secure, neutral, and insecure attachment primes on intergroup bias, conflict schemas, and cooperative, competitive, aggressive, and altruistic behaviors within an intergroup context. In Study One, participants in the secure attachment prime condition displayed lower implicit outgroup bias relative to participants in the neutral and insecure attachment prime conditions. Additionally, attachment primes interacted with ingroup identification for implicit outgroup bias. Specifically, attachment primes were more likely to influence implicit outgroup bias for participants who strongly identified with their ingroup, rather than participants who were low on ingroup identification. In Study Two attachment primes did not significantly influence conflict schema activations or subsequent behaviors within an intergroup context. Implications, weaknesses, and avenues for future research are discussed.</p