Consent in Marriage: A Radical Feminist Analysis of Pakistani Law

In Abdul Kadir v. Salima, Mahmood J summarised the nature of a Pakistani wife’s duties under Islamic Law. The nikkah contract “imposes submission on the wife when summoned to the couch and confers on him the power of correction when she is disobedient or rebellious.” Earlier, a similar pronouncement was made across the ocean in the United Kingdom by Sir Matthew Hale that through the marriage contract the “wife hath given herself to the husband, consent of which she cannot retract.” Marital rape was later recognised as an offence in the UK by the House of Lords in R v. R. In Pakistan, however, the jurisprudence behind the decision in Abdul Kadir continues to prevail. This Essay will assess the offence of rape in Pakistan and analyse the difficulty in prosecuting marital rape cases. The discussion will also focus on the underlying source of this difficulty, being the corresponding rights of spouses under Islamic law, particularly the husband’s right to obedience and sexual access to the wife. A critique of these spousal rights will then be presented using radical feminist jurisprudence, particularly the works of Catherine MacKinnon, Robin West, and Andrea Dworkin. The subject of inquiry is the nature of a Pakistani wife’s ‘consent’ in light of social, economic and sexual inequalities prevalent in an Islamic marriage and whether exploitation of the same renders a consent-based definition of rape redundant

Impact of Employee Empowerment on Job Satisfaction

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure the factors affecting the performance of employee by discussing impact of employee empowerment on job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach: Being descriptive study, survey method was adopted for data collection to find out the factors.The methodology comprised research design, Target population for the study, sampling techniques, sampling Method, sample size determination etc. Data was analyzed by using Cronbach?s Alpha, correlation and regression in SPSS software. Findings: The independent variable empowerment was weakly moderate correlated with dependent variable job satisfaction.Hence it is concluded that employee empowerment has a positive impact on the job satisfaction. Originality/value – The paper reveals there exist relationship between the performance of employee and factors affecting in employee performance in Bahawalpur. Keywords: Performance of employee, job satisfaction, training, empowerment. Paper type: Research pape

Use of E-learning and its Effect on students

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to measure the factors affecting the use of e-learning and its effect on students on the base of three variables time, technology and workload.Design/methodology/approach: Being descriptive study, survey method was adopted for data collection to find out the factors. A sample of 100 students of Islamia University of the Bahawalpur was selected for the survey. Data was analyzed by using Cronbach?s Alpha, correlation and regression in SPSS software.Findings: From our study it is found that the independent variables, time, technology and workload have great influence on dependent variable e-learning.Keyword: e-learning, time, technology and workload.Paper type: Research paper

ASOCIATION OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND PNEUMONIA AMONG PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC STROKE AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.

Objective; To determine the association of urinary tract infections and pneumonia among patients with ischemic stroke at a tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods; All the cases of ischemic stroke (181), fulfilling inclusion criteria were recruited in this cross – sectional study. Once registered these study cases was assessed for different complications (UTI, shoulder pain, arrhythmia, pneumonia and hyponatremia) after undergoing baseline investigations like urine test, blood tests and ECG. Data was entered and analyzed by computer program SPSS-18. Results; Of these 181 study cases, 101 (55.8%) were male patients while 80 (44.2%) were female patients. Mean age of our study cases was 50.68± 7.18 years. Of these 181 study cases, 80 (44.2%) were from rural area while 101 (55.8%) from urban areas, 43 (23.8%) were diabetic and 118 (65.2%) were hypertensive. Mean body mass index (BMI) of our study cases was 23.58 ± 3.29 kg/m2 and obesity was present in 29 (16%). History of smoking was present in 43 (23.8%) of our study cases. Previous history of stroke was present in 21 (11.6%) while family history of stroke was noted in 37 (20.4%) of our study cases and 130 (71.8 %) were illiterate and 51 (28.2%) were literate. Mean serum sodium level was noted to 136.29 ± 2.01 mEq/L, urinary tract infection (UTI) was noted in 87 (48.1%), shoulder pain in 72 (39.8%), pneumonia in 43 (23.8%), arrhythmia in 58 (32 %) and hyponatremia in 51 (28.2%) of our study cases. Conclusion; Our study results indicate high proportion of medical complications in patients with ischemic stroke. Urinary tract infection was the most commonest complication followed by shoulder pain, arrhythmia, pneumonia and hyponatremia. All clinicians treating such patients should carefully monitor such patients to take preventive measure against these complications, this will decrease disease morbidity and hospitalizations in these patients. Keywords; Ischemic stroke, medical complications, Frequency. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/58-02 Publication date: August 31st 201

DIABETES AS A PREDICTOR OF MORTALITY IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH VARICEAL BLEED

Background; A major cause of cirrhosis-related morbidity and mortality is the development of variceal bleeding, a direct consequence of portal hypertension. Each episode of active variceal bleeding is associated with 30 percent mortality. This study was planned to determine frequency of variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and frequency of in-hospital mortality of these patients in our population. Objective; To determine association of diabetes with mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis presenting with of variceal bleed. Material and Methods; Consecutive 139 Patient diagnosed with cirrhosis of liver were included in this cross-sectional study from department of Medicine, Nishtar hospital Multan. Complete history and physical examination was assessed to document duration of duration of liver disease, ascites, Hepatic encephalopathy, Previous GI bleed and systemic coagulopathy. All the patients had undergone diagnostic upper GI endoscopic examination to document varices. Results; Of these 139 study cases, 77 (55.4 %) were male and 62 (44.6 %) were female. Mean age of our study cases was 45.50 ± 10.81 years. Mean duration of disease (liver cirrhosis) was 3.25 ± 2.32 years. Majority of our study cases i.e. 94 (67.6%) were having liver cirrhosis for the duration of less than 5 years. Child-Pugh class C was more prevalent i.e. 77 (55.4%) of our study cases. Variceal bleeding was observed in 100 (71.9 %) of our study cases. Frequency of diabetes in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleed was 47 (33.81%) and mortality in these diabetics was 26 (55.31%) (p = 0.001). Conclusion; Diabetes was found to be significantly associated with mortality in cirrhotic patients presenting with variceal bleeding. Healthcare professionals should anticipate adverse outcomes in diabetic patients of liver cirrhosis presenting with variceal bleeding and should educate them regarding glycemic control at early stages of diagnosis. Keywords; Liver Cirrhosis, Variceal bleeding, Mortality. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/58-01 Publication date: August 31st 201

HYPOTHYROIDISM IN WOMEN HAVING MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background; Menstrual disorders frequently affect the quality of life of adolescents and young adult women, especially those who suffer dysmenorrhoea and heavy menstruation. Different studies have associated thyroid dysfunction with menstrual problems. This study was conducted to document the frequency of hypothyroidism in women with menstrual problems. Objective; To determine frequency of hypothyroidism in women having menstrual problems at a tertiary care hospital.  Material and methods; All the study cases (227) who meet inclusion and exclusion criteria of my study were taken from OPD of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nishtar Hospital Multan.  Once registered, 5 ml venous blood sample was taken and sent to the central laboratory of the Nishtar Hospital Multan for serum TSH and T4 levels by a pathologist having minimum 5 years experience after post-graduation.   Hypothyroidism was determined on laboratory report after serum analysis for TSH and T4. Data was analyzed by using SPSS Version 20. Results; Mean age of our study cases was noted to be 24.08± 4.65 years. Of these 227 study cases, 134 (59 %) were married while 93 (41%) were unmarried. Mean body mass index (BMI) of our study cases was 22.31 ± 2.70 kg/m2 , 160 (70.5%) were normal weight, 51 (22.5%) were overweight and 16 (7%) were obese. Secondary amenorrhea was noted in 25 (11%), oligomenorrhea in 42 (18.5%),  polymenorrhea in 16 (7%), heavy menstrual bleeding in 59 (26%) and irregular menstrual bleeding in 85 (37.5%). Mean serum TSH level of our study cases was 4.85 ± 0.91 mIU/L while mean T4 level was noted to be 86.90 ± 38.81 nmol/L and hypothyroidism was noted in 176 (77.5%) of our study cases. Overt hypothyroidism was noted in 75 (33 %) and subclinical hypothyroidism in 101 (44.5%) of our study cases. Conclusion; Very high frequency of hypothyroidism was noted in women having menstrual problems in our study. Hypothyroidism was significantly associated with residential status, obesity, poor socioeconomic status, level of education and type of menstrual problem. Subclinical hypothyroidism was more prevalent as compared with over hypothyroidism. Our study results suggest that women presenting with menstrual problems must be screened for thyroid hormones for proper management of these patients. Keywords; Hypothyroidism, Menstrual problems, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism

Some New Results on Coincidence Points for Multivalued Suzuki-Type Mappings in Fairly Complete Spaces

In this paper, we introduce Suzuki-type generalized and modified proximal contractive mappings. We establish some coincidence and best proximity point results in fairly complete spaces. Also, we provide coincidence and best proximity point results in partially ordered complete metric spaces for Suzuki-type generalized and modified proximal contractive mappings. Furthermore, some examples are presented in each section to elaborate and explain the usability of the obtained results. As an application, we obtain fixed-point results in metric spaces and in partially ordered metric spaces. The results obtained in this article further extend, modify and generalize the various results in the literature.This research was funded by Basque Government through Grant IT1207/19

Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Advancement in technology is continued as the time is passed. The biological active ingredients technology is the challenging issues for both the researchers and manufacturers. In last decade, much research has been happened about the potential health benefits of pro and prebiotic ingredients. Probiotics are the live microorganisms when given in adequate amount confer health benefits but the prebiotics are indigestible ingredients that enhance the activity of one or more probiotics in the colon. The therapeutic potential of these two biological active ingredients is the outcome of emerging field of biotechnology. A number of studies indicating therapeutic potential of probiotics regarding gastrointestinal health, cancer, constipation, immunomodulation, Helicobacter pylori, liver disease and urogenital infection have been documented. Similarly, prebiotics also improved helpful for many communicable and non-communicable diseases. It can be seen that advancement in the biotechnology field offer great choice to deliver a marvelous health advantages. Although the market for probiotic and prebiotic food and supplements has been increased in this new era but still need to develop food and supplements containing these two active ingredients with the cooperation of legal bodies of the country

Awareness of Nephrolithiasis in Educated Community of Azad Kashmir Pakistan: -

Background: Renal stone is an important health problem in the world and is the most common disease in the urinary tract system. It is particularly a common problem in many countries Knowledge and lifestyle attitude of individuals toward renal stone plays a role in delivering optimum management. Primary Study Objective: To determine the public awareness of renal stones causes, symptoms, and management among the population of AJK Pakistan Setting: General population of all the ages was under consideration and data were taken from the general population Participants: This study was conducted on 100 patients from different areas  Methods: The data of this quantitative cross-sectional study was collected from participants of AJK. Participants were given a self-administered questionnaire written in English. August 2020 to September 2020. individuals of all ages are included in this study. Results: Out of hundred participants we determine the awareness among the educational community of AJK. All category of individuals is involved in our research married and unmarried people and students with arts and science subjects. About 13% of males and 87% of females are involved in our research with different ages. Conclusion: This data indicates that the participants are to some degree aware of some aspects of renal stone prevention, symptoms, and modes of diagnosis and treatment. Individuals who experienced renal stones were more knowledgeable in some respects. Further emphasis on public awareness of renal stones is recommended

Clinical evaluation of patients suffering from breast cancer and determination of evolving treatment therapies and better strategies related to breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is basically the lesion of female breast that may create from the connective tissue or epithelial cells of breast.Primary objective: The objective of study was to conduct a survey about the prevailing of rate of breast cancer in community of Rawalakot, Islamabad and local community and to find out strategies used for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Methods/Design: A well structure questionnaire including 35 questions about the history, sociodemograhic characteristics, diagnostic tools, treatment plans and prevention methods has been prepared and circulated among the patients of breast cancer through survey. Setting: Study was conducted in Rawalakot and Islamabad Pakistan Participants: 50 participants were involved Intervention: The study was also conducted to communicate with larger community of breast cancer patients and to give them awareness related to initial diagnosis of this harmful disease. Primary Outcome Measures: This study was very very helpful in educated and non-educated community of the specific cities . Results: While conducting the research based on studies, it was found that about 68.84% patients has been report with the reoccurrence of breast cancer after surgery, 70% patients have been diagnosed with invasive type and 30% non-invasive type and 50% have been treated with hormonal therapy as continued treatment after surgery. Conclusion : Breast cancer variation among population or regional differences in the types have been attribute to the prevalence of major risk factors, availability and use of medical practices such as cancer screening, availability and quality of treatment, completeness of reporting and age structure.