Hydnum pallidum Raddi, the Correct Name for H. albidum Peck in the Sense of European Authors and the Recently Described H. reginae Kibby, Liimat. & Niskanen

The systematics of the genus Hydnum have undergone important advances, and many new species have been described with the aid of molecular data. A revision of old names that refer to Hydnum s. str., considering the knowledge now available, might reveal prioritary names of recently described species. This study focuses on the study of names that refer to white Hydnum in Europe, among which earlier synonyms of Hydnum reginae (=Hydnum albidum s. auct. pl. eur.) are potentially found, a species characterized by producing white basidiomata and smaller spores than any other European species. Our revision revealed the existence of three earlier names based on European material, namely H. pallidum Raddi, H. album Fr. and H. heimii Maas Geest. The earliest of those, Hydnum pallidum, is epitypified using material from Tuscany (Italy), from where it was originally described, and hence, it becomes the correct name for H. albidum s. auct. pl. eur. A full description and photographs of H. pallidum are provided, and further comments on other names that refer to white Hydnum based on European material are made.This research was funded by the Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) through the grant PID-2020116570GB-100

Makromizetoak, ekosistemetako bizidun ahaztuak

Makromizetoak fruitu-gorputz ikuskorrak garatzen dituzten onddoak dira. Lan honetan, makromizeto-komunitateen azterketen berri eskaintzen da; besteak beste, zertan oinarritzen diren, zein arazo dituzten, etab. Onddo talde honen beherakada ikusita, arrazoiak zeintzuk izan daitezkeen aipatzen dira. Eta azkenik, ekosistemetan duten garrantzia azaldu ondoren, onddo-komunitate hauen ikerketaren beharra agerian uzten da

Recuperación de las interacciones entre el haya (Fagus sylvatica) y los hongos ectomicorrícicos 140 años después del fin de la actividad minera

Even the increasing use of restoration, it does not always imply a shortterm answer in ecosystems that guarantees the recovery of their structure, functions, and services. So far, most studies evaluating ecosystem recovery have used metrics that ignore the complexity needed to structure communities of organisms that form ecosystems. Here, we analyze the recovery of species interactions (metric with a certain level of complexity) in a large time scale ('100 years). In particular, we characterized, using molecular identification, the ectomicorrhyzal (EcM) fungal communities present in 18 beech trees inside and seven outside an ancient iron in Navarra (northern Spain), in use from the XIV century until 140 years ago, as well as seven beech trees from a nearby oldgrowth forest. Species richness of EcM fungi was similar for the three locations, while differences were found for species composition in the area damaged by mining and compare to outside the mine and the reference beech forest. Our results suggest the need to assess ecosystem recovery with more complex metrics (e.g. architecture of interaction networks) in order to accurately estimate the real time required for ecosystems to fully recover. © 2019 Los Autores.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Plan Nacional de Investigación RETOS (CGL2015-70452-R) y la acreditación de excelencia “María de Maeztu” 2018-2022 (MDM-2017-0714). ARU fue financiada por el programa de becas predoctorales (2016) de la Fundación Tatiana Guzman el Bueno

Mealworm Frass as a Potential Organic Fertilizer in Synergy with PGP-Based Biostimulant for Lettuce Plants

This study explores the potential use of frass, the larval excrement residue obtained from mealworm rearing, as organic fertilizer for crops. Its high organic matter content means that its joint application with a biostimulant based on efficient microorganisms, favoring its mineralization, is of interest. An experiment with lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) was conducted with two factors and six replicates under greenhouse conditions. The first factor was frass amendment at 0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of the peat substrate, and the second factor was a Bacillus-based BS at two levels, with and without efficient microorganism application. The results reveal that frass shows great potential as an organic fertilizer, providing macronutrients and increasing lettuce aerial biomass, although its effect is mediated by the application rate. Rates of 2.5% or higher proved negative for lettuce plant growth, especially root development, probably due to an increased incidence of potentially pathogenic fungi. The negative effect of medium–high frass rates was counteracted by the addition of a PGP-based biostimulant, enhancing lettuce plant nutrient uptake, aerial biomass, and quality in terms of succulence, but also favoring microbial diversity in the rhizosphere, increasing the incidence of beneficial microorganisms, and decreasing potentially pathogenic fungi. This positive synergy observed between frass and the PGP-based biostimulant is of interest for the design of new organic fertilization strategies.This work was funded by Grant PID2021-128273OB-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, and by the Basque Government (IT1560-22)

Compost and PGP-Based Biostimulant as Alternative to Peat and NPK Fertilization in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) Nursery Production

In forest nurseries, intensive use of non-renewable substrates such as peat and high application rates of chemical synthesis fertilizers lead to environmental problems and high susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. This work aims to seek more sustainable crop management to help mitigate these problems, combining the substitution of peat by compost and the use of growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPs) as a fertilization tool. For this purpose, a trial was carried out to test the effectiveness of an agricultural waste compost and a biostimulant based on PGP microorganisms in the production of Castanea sativa plants in a forest nursery. This trial assessed the growth of plants, with both inputs separately and combined, and then studied the tolerance of chestnut seedlings to water deficit. The results showed that partial substitution of peat by compost is possible, but not complete, as the high levels of conductivity and pH generated by a high proportion of compost negatively affected plant growth. It was also noted that the application of the biostimulant enables the complete substitution of mineral fertilization. Moreover, at the end of the nursery phase, chestnut seedlings treated with the biostimulant showed the same or even better quality than chestnut seedlings obtained with conventional fertilization, also resulting in greater resistance to water deficit, based on the increase in root volume and the improvement of the physiological status. Changes observed in both quantity and composition of microbiota associated with chestnut rhizosphere after inoculation with PGPs were related to the improvement observed. In relation to water deficit resistance, a positive synergy was also observed with the combination of both inputs, since plants with full substitution of peat by compost combined with PGP-based fertilization showed the greatest drought resistance.This work was funded by the Spanish Government (RTI2018-094623-B-C21 MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE), and by the Basque Government (IT-932-16)

Elemental imaging approach to assess the ability of subaerial biofilms growing on constructions located in tropical climates as potential biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals pollution

Over the last decades, the concern about air pollution has increased significantly, especially in urban areas. Active sampling of air pollutants requires specific instrumentation not always available in all the laboratories. Passive sampling has a lower cost than active alternatives but still requires efforts to cover extensive areas. The use of biological systems as passive samplers might be a solution that provides information about air pollution to assist decision-makers in environmental health and urban planning. This study aims to employ subaerial biofilms (SABs) growing naturally on façades of historical and recent constructions as natural passive biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals pollution. Concretely, SABs spontaneously growing on constructions located in a tropical climate, like the one of the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), have been used to develop the methodological approach here presented as an alternative to SABS grown under laboratory conditions. After a proper identification of the biocolonizers in the SAB through taxonomic and morphological observations, the study of the particulate matter accumulated on the SABs of five constructions was conducted under a multi-analytical approach based mainly on elemental imaging studies by micro Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-EDXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) techniques, trying to reduce the time needed and associated costs. This methodology allowed to discriminate metals that are part of the original structure of the SABs, from those coming from the anthropogenic emissions. The whole methodology applied assisted the identification of the main metallic particles that could be associated with nearby anthropogenic sources of emission such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti by SEM-EDS and by μ-EDXRF Ba, Sb, Sn, Cl and Br apart others; revealing that it could be used as a good alternative for a rapid screening of the atmospheric heavy metals pollution.This work has been supported by the project IT1446-22 for Research Groups of the Basque University System, funded by the Basque Country Government. Open Access funding provided by University of the Basque Country is also gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank for technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU) and concretely to Alfredo Sarmiento from Coupled Multispectroscopy Singular Laboratory (Raman-LASPEA)

Catálogo crítico y cartografía de los macromicetos (Basidiomicotas) de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco

Este trabajo recoge y analiza de forma crítica las citas bibliográficas, alrededor de 10.000 registros, de macromicetos (Basidiomicotas) de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. El territorio estudiado presenta una extensión aproximada de 7.480 Km2, donde se incluyen tres territorios históricos (Álava, Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa), además del Condado de Treviño (220 Km2, administrativamente perteneciente a Burgos). Como consecuencia de su emplazamiento, en el territorio de la CAPV se reconocen dos regiones fitogeográficas: Eurosiberiana y Mediterránea. La región Eurosiberiana ocupa la mayor parte del territorio y presenta clima templado de veranos suaves y sin aridez estival. En líneas generales podríamos decir que en esta región existe una preponderancia de bosques caducifolios de Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Fagus sylvatica y Fraxinus excelsior; así como de brezales de Ulex gallii y Daboecia cantabrica. La región Mediterránea, que ocupa las comarcas más meridionales del territorio, presenta un clima de tipo mediterráneo, es decir con aridez estival. Aquí los bosques de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota, Q. faginea, Fraxinus angustifolia, matorrales y tomillares son dominantes (Loidi 2001). El catálogo presentado consta de 1.742 especies, siendo las familias Tricholomataceae (317 especies en 40 géneros), Cortinariaceae (302, 13), Russulaceae (172, 2), Agaricaceae (108, 9), Boletaceae (65, 10) y Polyporaceae (64, 23) las más importantes en cuanto al número de especies. El esquema seguido para cada taxón ha sido el siguiente: bloque nomenclatural, distribución en el territorio en base a las citas bibliográficas y, por último, la distribución y ecología en la CAPV. Se presentan mapas de distribución de todos los taxones estudiados, utilizando el programa Miramon para la realización de los mismos. En base a los datos analizados la distribución de taxones por territorios es aparentemente irregular: Álava (1.257 taxones), Bizkaia (1.190) y Gipuzkoa (344 taxones). No obstante cabe resaltar que esta diferencia es debida a la falta de publicaciones más que a una diferencia real de riqueza fúngica. De entre los taxones catalogados 8 especies (Boletus dupanii, Cantharellus melanoxeros, Cortinarius ionochlorus, Entoloma bloxamii, Gomphus clavatus, Hericium erinaceum, Hygrocybe calyptriformis y Tricholoma colossus) están recogidas en el anexo I del Convenio de Berna (33 especies de hongos amenazados de Europa) [Bern\T-PVS 2001\tpvs 34e_2001