Space Privatization, Colonization, and Militarization: A New Frontier for International Law

Early into the 21st century, technological developments made unparalleled advances in the field of space. The realm of outer space has seen a change from exploration to technology-driven, ambitious goals more aligned with national interests and security. In this paper I ask the following research question: How can international organizations and law address the rapid advances in space exploration? To answer the research question, I conducted three case studies: 1) space privatization, 2) space colonization, and 3) space militarization. According to my research, existing international law cannot inhibit conflict in the 21st century characterized by intense competition to obtain space power. To inhibit space conflict, new international norms and laws need to be adopted that address the rapid pace of technological development , as well as the market-oriented and laissez-faire way in which technological development is carried out in order to prevent a single hegemonic state from securing space dominance

La herencia de la visión antropocéntrica y su origen histórico, obstáculo para el desarrollo sustentable

El artículo parte de la tesis que las sociedades urbanas contemporáneas no se dan cuenta del entorno natural que les rodea, han optado por desembarazarse de él suplantándolo por un medio completamente artificial, desconociendo que es precisamente a la naturaleza a quien debemos la materia prima para crear nuestro mundo. Creemos que es necesario un recobrar analítico de la conciencia para percatarnos de los grandes estragos que hemos causado al medio ambiente. Y que dicho razonamiento debe conducirnos a una redefinición del modus vivendi, y crear una consciencia epistémica especial que nos haga moralmente conscientes del consumo. La justificación en occidente de este proceder parcial hacia los entes naturales tiene dos fuentes, una de origen religioso y otra en el ámbito filosófico: La primera no solicita la eliminación del cristianismo o su doctrina, pero sí su renovación y encausamiento, así se propone el modelo de San Francisco como el esquema a seguir, debido al cuidado y comprensión que mostró por todas las creaturas. Lo segundo es exponer que frente a los problemas producidos por el desarrollo tecnológico en la naturaleza, no se debían seguir buscando soluciones para estos en la ciencia y la tecnología. La culpa de los problemas ambientales no es exclusiva de los inventores o desarrolladores tecnológicos, sino también de prácticas sociales y su arraigada visión según la cual pueden tenerse soluciones tecnológicas. En este sentido la propuesta sigue teniendo vigencia, pues es necesario ir a las raíces del obrar humano y analizarlo desde una perspectiva ética, evaluar y valorar, con los métodos propios de esta disciplina, cómo se está actuando y si esa conducta es correcta, si con ella se está promoviendo el bienestar social y natural, o por el contario, se afecta la integridad de seres humanos, de otras especies y de la naturaleza

Next Generation Protocol: Innovating a Resilient Future

Conventional practices do not account for product life beyond end-of-sale – these practices are not sustainable. We have developed an end-of-life protocol that includes a metric that we call the Recovery Rating. The objectives of this Next Generation Protocol, beyond supporting the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, are to encourage the production of goods designed for recovery and to promote the collaboration between consumers, the public, and the private sector to recover goods at their end-of-life. The Recovery Rating that we propose evaluates and quantifies recovery potential of products. The Recovery Rating, which is normed against embodied energy from the Cambridge Engineering Selector by Granta Design, accounts for different tiers of recovery: product, component, and material, and different recovery methods at each tier and material family. We will present the results of our Next Generation Protocol using three case studies: 1) disposal, single use PET bottle, 2) Nalgene® reusable bottle, and 3) vacuum insulated, reusable metal bottle. The findings indicate the Next Generation Protocol produces a viable Recovery Rating for the material tier. We will also present survey data on potential user reactions to symbolic, numerical, and graphical versions of the Recovery Rating. The Recovery Ratings for the product and component tiers require considerations that have yet to be accounted for, such as number of uses and production/processing methods, which we present for future recommendations

Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr. y el picudo del cormo, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), en plátano

The effect of the legume Mucuna deeringiana on Cosmopolites sordidus population dynamics and damage was studied in two planting systems: intercropping with mucuna and mucuna as green mulch before establishing the plantain. The relationship between C. sordidus adult density and larval damage was also studied. The presence of M. deeringiana affected the incidence of C. sordidus.The data suggest that C. sordidus adults are attracted by M. deeringiana, but additional studies are needed to better understand the relationship between the legume and the insect. The presence of M. deeringiana did not affect plantain height, stem diameter, or sucker production if the legume was eliminated four months after planting. However, management practices to establish and cultivate the legume increased production costs. Although C. sordidus population densities were low during most of the year, a high population density was recorded from November to January. A second population explosion was recorded between June and August. The highest insect density recorded was 3.5 insects per trap.Se estudió el efecto de la leguminosa Mucuna deeringiana sobre la densidad poblacional y daño al cormo por Cosmopolites sordidus en plátano. Se estudiaron dos sistemas de siembra: mucuna intercalada y mucuna como cobertera verde. Se estudió además la relación de la densidad de adultos de C. sordidus y el daño por la larva al cormo. La presencia de M. deeringiana afectó la densidad de C. sordidus. Los datos sugieren que M. deeringiana atrae los adultos de C. sordidus, pero se requieren estudios adicionales para entender esta relación. La presencia de M. deeringiana no afectó la altura, diámetro del tallo, ni el número de hijos del plátano cuando la leguminosa se eliminó a los cuatro meses de sembrada. Sin embargo, el establecimiento y manejo de la leguminosa aumentó los costos de producción. A pesar de que la densidad de C. sordidus fue baja durante casi todo el año, se observaron dos picos poblacionales, uno entre noviembre y enero y otro entre junio y agosto. La densidad insectil alcanzó un nivel máximo de 3.5 insectos por trampa

Revisión narrativa: Posibles efectos de la dieta cetogénica en el desarrollo del tejido tumoral en pacientes con cáncer

La presente investigación pretende hacer una contextualización de la literatura con base en los efectos de la dieta cetogénica (DC) en el metabolismo tumoral de los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer. La necesidad de establecer alternativas terapéuticas para el cáncer, ha llevado a la ciencia a incluir la DC en su agenda investigativa debido a su fundamento bioquímico con el cual se cree que se puede retrasar el crecimiento tumoral y la tumor-génesis. El interés por conocer los posibles efectos de la DC en el tejido tumoral, surge con la necesidad de saber qué se ha descrito por la ciencia durante los últimos años sobre este tema, permitiendo identificar por medio de estudios e investigaciones, la relación existente entre la dieta cetogénica y el tejido tumoral en pacientes con cáncer.This research aims to contextualize the literature based on the effects of the ketogenic diet (DC) on tumor metabolism in patients diagnosed with cancer. The need to establish therapeutic alternatives for cancer has led science to include CD in its research agenda due to its biochemical basis with which it is believed that tumor growth and tumor genesis can be delayed. The interest in knowing the possible effects of CD on tumour tissue arises from the need to know what has been described by science over the last few years on this subject, making it possible to identify, through studies and research, the relationship between the ketogenic diet and tumour tissue in cancer patients

Effects of nutritional cues on the duration of the winter anovulatory phase and on associated hormone levels in adult female Welsh pony horses (Equus caballus)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mares have an annual reproductive rhythm, with a phase of inactivity in midwinter. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of food restriction on physiological and metabolic hallmarks of this rhythm.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Over three successive years, 3 groups of 10 mares were kept under natural photoperiod. A 'well-fed' group was fed to maintain the mares in good body condition; a 'restricted' group received a diet calculated to keep the mares thin and a 'variable' group was fed during some periods like the 'restricted' group and during some other periods like the 'well-fed' group, with the aim of mimicking the natural seasonal variation of pasture availability, but a few months in advance of this natural rhythm.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Winter ovarian inactivity always occurred and was long in the restricted group. In contrast, in the 'well-fed' group, 40% of mares showed this inactivity, which was shorter than in the other groups. Re-feeding the 'variable' group in autumn and winter did not advance the first ovulation in spring, compared with the 'restricted' group. Measurements of glucose and insulin concentrations in mares from the 'restricted' group during two 24 h periods of blood sampling, revealed no post-prandial peaks. For GH (Growth hormone), IGF-1 and leptin levels, large differences were found between the 'well-fed' group and the other groups. The glucose, insulin, GH and leptin levels but not melatonin level are highly correlated with the duration of ovulatory activity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The annual rhythm driven by melatonin secretion is only responsible for the timing of the breeding season. The occurrence and length of winter ovarian inactivity is defined by metabolic hormones.</p

Reversible Motion In a Contact Line

When a body of liquid sits on a surface, an irregular border between the wet and dry regions of the surface exists, called the contact line. Driving this contact line back and forth repeatedly can change its shape.We use a syringe pump to cyclically infuse and withdraw a predetermined volume of water, and take photos of the contact line after each cycle. Comparing these images to each other determines if the contact line is returning to the same shape. We find that below a critical value of infused volume, after many cycles the contact line reaches a steady state in which it always returns to the same shape. Above that value the shape fluctuates in the steady state. This suggests a transition similar to that seen in other systems like particle suspensions and solids

Leitura na infância e meninice: impacto na construção do sujeito leitor

This article considers that the periods of infancy and childhood substantially influence the construction of the subject reader. This process involves various actors: children, mothers, fathers, caregivers and teachers. However, the characteristics of the act of reading must also be taken into account. In this sense, it is necessary to understand its psychological, linguistic and contextual aspects. In conclusion, promoting the formation of reading subjects from infancy and childhood implies recognizing the profound and complex characteristics of reading in order to produce better teaching practices and motivation for this activity.Este artigo considera que nos períodos da infância e meninicie há um impacto substancial na construção do sujeito leitor. Esse processo envolve vários atores: filhos, mães, pais, cuidadores e professores. Embora as características do ato de ler também devam ser levadas em consideração. Nesse sentido, é necessário entender seus aspectos psicológicos, linguísticos e contextuais. Em conclusão, promover o treinamento de sujeitos leitores desde a infância e a meninicie implica reconhecer as características profundas e complexas da leitura, a fim de produzir melhores práticas de ensino e motivação para essa atividade.En el presente artículo se considera que en los periodos de la infancia y la niñez se incide sustancialmente en la construcción del sujeto lector. Este proceso involucra diversos actores: niños, madres, padres de familia, cuidadores y docentes. Aunque también se deben tener en cuenta las características del acto de leer. En este sentido, es necesario comprender sus aspectos psicológicos, lingüísticos y contextuales. En conclusión, promover la formación de sujetos lectores desde la infancia y la niñez implica reconocer las profundas y complejas características de la lectura para poder producir mejores prácticas de enseñanza y motivación hacia esta actividad