Spatial analysis of environmentally sensitive areas to soil degradation using MEDALUS model and GIS in Amazonas (Peru): an alternative for ecological restoration

Land degradation is a permanent global threat that requires an interdisciplinary approach to addressing solutions in a given territory. This study, therefore, analyses environmentally sensitive areas to land degradation using the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) method through a multi-criteria approach in the district of Florida (Peru). For the method, we considered the main quality indicators such as: Climate Quality Index (CQI), Soil Quality Index (SQI), Vegetation Quality Index (VQI), and Management Quality Index (MQI). There were also identified groups of parameters for each of the quality indicators analyzed. The results showed that 2.96% of the study area is classified as critical; 48.85% of the surface is classified as fragile; 15.48% of the areas are potentially endangered, and 30.46% are not threatened by degradation processes. Furthermore, SQI, VQI, and MQI induced degradation processes in the area. Based on the results, five restoration proposals were made in the study area: (i) organic manure production, (ii) cultivated and improved pastures and livestock improvement, (iii) native forest restoration, (iv) construction of reservoirs in the top hills and (v) uses of new technologies. The findings and proposals can be a basic support and further improved by decision-makers when implemented in situ to mitigate degradation for a sustainable use of the territory

Modelling Snowmelt Runoff from Tropical Andean Glaciers under Climate Change Scenarios in the Santa River Sub-Basin (Peru)

Effects of climate change have led to a reduction in precipitation and an increase in temperature across several areas of the world. This has resulted in a sharp decline of glaciers and an increase in surface runoff in watersheds due to snowmelt. This situation requires a better understanding to improve the management of water resources in settled areas downstream of glaciers. In this study, the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) was applied in combination with snow-covered area information (SCA), precipitation, and temperature climatic data to model snowmelt runoff in the Santa River sub-basin (Peru). The procedure consisted of calibrating and validating the SRM model for 2005–2009 using the SRTM digital elevation model (DEM), observed temperature, precipitation and SAC data. Then, the SRM was applied to project future runoff in the sub-basin under the climate change scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. SRM patterns show consistent results; runoff decreases in the summer months and increases the rest of the year. The runoff projection under climate change scenarios shows a substantial increase from January to May, reporting the highest increases in March and April, and the lowest records from June to August. The SRM demonstrated consistent projections for the simulation of historical flows in tropical Andean glaciers

Microzonificación agroecológica de sistemas agrosilvopastoriles empleando un modelo de procesamiento basado en SIG en parcelas en la provincia de Bongará, Amazonas (Perú)

La Zonificación Agroecológica (ZAE) es un instrumento de gestión con importancia fundamental en el desarrollo agrario. Permite identificar superficies territoriales con características edafoclimáticas homogéneas para potenciar el desarrollo vegetativo de una especie. En la presente investigación se pretende zonificar agroecológicamente un sistema agrosilvopastoril, para el cual se construirá una herramienta de geoprocesamiento mediante el uso del Model Builder, con el que se evaluarán las variables agroecológicas para identificar zonas con mayor viabilidad productiva. Para el desarrollo de la presente investigación se evaluaron siete especies entre cultivos agrícolas, forestales y pastos, determinando los requerimientos agroecológicos de los mismos. Con esta información es posible seleccionar cultivos que permitan adaptarse a las distintas condiciones agroclimáticas de cada zona o parcela de estudio. Se seleccionaron dos parcelas de estudio, ubicadas en la provincia de Bongará, dentro de las cuales se aperturaron 12 calicatas en cada una, extrayendo muestras de suelo de hasta 1,30 metros de profundidad. Posteriormente las muestras fueron trasladadas al Laboratorio de Investigación en Suelos y Aguas de la UNTRM, para realizar el análisis de caracterización de suelos. Finalmente mediante un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), se superpusieron los mapas agroecológicos de cada cultivo, para lo que se aplicó un lenguaje estructurado de consulta a los atributos del mismo, generando las zonas óptimas para cada cultivo.</p

Mapping high-altitude peatlands to inform a landscape conservation strategy in the Andes of northern Peru

The wetlands of the jalca ecoregion in the Andes of northern Peru form peat and play a major role in the hydrological ecosystem services of the ecoregion. Although peat is globally valued for carbon sequestration and storage, peatlands have not yet been mapped in the jalca. In this region, the Gocta waterfall, one of the 20 highest waterfalls in the world, depends on the jalca’s wetlands ecosystem. The local population depends on tourism to the waterfall and is concerned about preserving its drainage area. To inform conservation planning, in this study we delimited the drainage area of the Gocta waterfall and identified land tenure by applying Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing and participatory mapping techniques. Then, by classifying optical, radar and digital elevation models data, we mapped peatland in the jalca of the Gocta drainage area with an overall accuracy of 97.1%. Our results will inform conservation strategy in this complex area of communal, private and informal land tenure systems. At a regional level, this appears to be the first attempt at mapping peatlands using remote sensing imagery in the jalca ecoregion, and it represents a milestone for future efforts to map and conserve peatlands in other tropical mountain areas of the world

Influencia de los sistemas de producción y pisos altitudinales en la composición bioquímica y rendimiento del pasto nicarión (setaria sphacelata)

La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de sistemas de producción y pisos altitudinales en la composición bioquímica y rendimiento del pasto nicarión (Setaria sphacelata) en el distrito de Molinopampa, en dos pisos altitudinales entre los 2000-2400 m s.n.m. y 2401-2800 m s.n.m. En cuanto a los sistemas de producción se consideró el sistema silvopastoril y el sistema de pastoreo a campo abierto. En cada piso altitudinal se identificaron tres parcelas con pasto nicarión bajo sistema silvopastoril y sistema de pastoreo de campo abierto, resultando en 12 parcelas con tres repeticiones. Los parámetros de evaluación fueron el rendimiento (Kg/m2) y el aporte nutricional como proteína, fibra cruda, almidón, azúcares, fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA). Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados mediante la prueba t-Student al 5% (p&lt;0,05) de significancia. Entre los sistemas de producción se encontraron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento, proteínas, azúcares y la fibra detergente neutra. En cuanto al piso altitudinal se encontraron diferencias significativas en la fibra cruda, azúcares y fibra detergente ácida.</p

Empleo del Modelo Streeter-Phelps para estimar el oxígeno disuelto del Río Utcubamba

The Utcubamba river is born in the Leymebamba district at 3 100 m.a.s.l., in the province of Chachapoyas of the Amazon-Peru Region, it flows into the Marañón river, province of Bagua and has an approximate length of 253 km of main channel. The populations of Leymebamba, Chachapoyas, Pedro Ruíz Gallo, Bagua Grande, Cajaruro, El Milagro and Bagua, with a total population exceeding 150,000 inhabitants, are the main urban settlements on the banks of the river, or with direct influence on it. The objective of this research work was to use the Streeter-Phelps model to estimate the dissolved oxygen of the Utcubamba River. The methodology used was analytical and consisted in the first instance in selecting the sampling points that were taken on the main channel, from the data reported and documented by the Research Institute for Sustainable Development of Ceja de Selva, INDES-CES; subsequently, according to the hydraulic characteristics, the points where the model was used were determined, from this information the variables were selected, applying the respective equations. The model describes the behavior of the OD for the first 95.2 km, adequately characterizes the processes of self-purification and oxygen balance in river waters. In addition, it is proved that the waste has normal distribution through Shapiro Wilk whose value is 0.9687; This concludes that the model can be used to make inferences.El río Utcubamba nace en el distrito de Leymebamba a los 3 100 m.s.n.m, en la provincia de Chachapoyas de la Región Amazonas-Perú, desemboca en el río Marañón, provincia de Bagua y cuenta con una longitud aproximada de 253 km de cauce principal. Las poblaciones de Leymebamba, Chachapoyas, Pedro Ruíz Gallo, Bagua Grande, Cajaruro, El Milagro y Bagua, con una población total que supera los 150 000 habitantes, son los principales asentamientos urbanos a orillas del río, o con influencia directa sobre el mismo. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación, fue emplear el modelo Streeter-Phelps para estimar el oxígeno disuelto del Río Utcubamba. La metodología empleada fue de orden analítico y consistió en primera instancia en seleccionar los puntos de muestreo que fueron tomados sobre el cauce principal, de los datos reportados y documentados por el Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, INDES-CES; posteriormente de acuerdo a las características hidráulicas se determinaron los puntos donde se empleó el modelo, a partir de esta información se seleccionaron las variables, aplicando las ecuaciones respectivas. El modelo describe el comportamiento del OD para los primeros 95,2 km, caracteriza adecuadamente los procesos de autodepuración y el balance de oxígeno en las aguas del río. Además, se prueba que los residuos tienen distribución normal mediante Shapiro Wilk cuyo valor es 0,9687; de esta manera se concluye que el modelo puede ser empleado para realizar inferencias

Site Selection for a Network ofWeather Stations Using AHP and Near Analysis in a GIS Environment in Amazonas, NW Peru

Meteorological observations play a major role in land management; thus, it is vital to properly plan the monitoring network of weather stations (WS). This study, therefore, selected ‘highly suitable’ sites with the objective of replanning the WS network in Amazonas, NW Peru. A set of 11 selection criteria for WS sites were identified and mapped in a Geographic Information System, as well as their importance weights were determined using Analytic Hierarchy Process and experts. A map of the suitability of the territory for WS sites was constructed by weighted superimposition of the criteria maps. On this map, the suitability status of the 20 existing WS sites was then assessed and, if necessary, relocated. New ‘highly suitable’ sites were determined by the Near Analysis method using existing WS (some relocated). The territory suitability map for WS showed that 0.3% (108.55 km2) of Amazonas has ‘highly suitable’ characteristics to establish WS. This ‘highly suitable’ territory corresponds to 26,683 polygons (of ≥30 × 30 m each), from which 100 polygons were selected in 11 possible distributions of new WS networks in Amazonas, with different number and distance of new WS in each distribution. The implementation of this methodology will be a useful support tool for WS network planning

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Grasslands Using Landsat Data in Livestock Micro-Watersheds in Amazonas (NW Peru)

In Peru, grasslands monitoring is essential to support public policies related to the identification, recovery and management of livestock systems. In this study, therefore, we evaluated the spatial dynamics of grasslands in Pomacochas and Ventilla micro-watersheds (Amazonas, NW Peru). To do this, we used Landsat 5, 7 and 8 images and vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The data were processed in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 through random forest (RF) classification reaching accuracies above 85%. The application of RF in GEE allowed surface mapping of grasslands with pressures higher than 85%. Interestingly, our results reported the increase of grasslands in both Pomacochas (from 2457.03 ha to 3659.37 ha) and Ventilla (from 1932.38 ha to 4056.26 ha) micro-watersheds during 1990–2020. Effectively, this study aims to provide useful information for territorial planning with potential replicability for other cattle-raising regions of the country. It could further be used to improve grassland management and promote semi-extensive livestock farming

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico y relaci&oacute;n con el control metab&oacute;lico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal cr&oacute;nico con hemodi&aacute;lisis en Bogot&aacute;, ColombiaAmputaci&oacute;n de extremidades inferiores: &iquest;est&aacute;n aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en j&oacute;venes universitariosC&oacute;mo crecen ni&ntilde;os normales de 2 a&ntilde;os que son sobrepeso a los 7 a&ntilde;osDiagn&oacute;stico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Regi&oacute;n MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervenci&oacute;n con ejercicio f&iacute;sico, en ni&ntilde;os con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirug&iacute;a bari&aacute;trica en pacientes con s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico e IMC &lt; 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades cr&oacute;nicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiolog&iacute;a de las muertes hospitalarias por patolog&iacute;as relacionadas a muerte encef&aacute;lica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4&ordm; medio de la Regi&oacute;n de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluaci&oacute;n del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en poblaci&oacute;n universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de Tarapac&aacute;Implicancias psicosociales en la g&eacute;nesis, evoluci&oacute;n y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensi&oacute;n arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducci&oacute;n de nuevas TIC y mejor&iacute;a de la asistencia a un programa de saludNi&ntilde;os obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por c&aacute;ncer de cuello uterino en R&iacute;o de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicaci&oacute;n en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en poblaci&oacute;n preescolar y su relaci&oacute;n con malnutrici&oacute;n por excesoPrevalencia de retinopat&iacute;a diab&eacute;tica en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacol&oacute;gica antihipertensiva en poblaci&oacute;n mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biol&oacute;gico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad p&uacute;blica del estado de S&atilde;o Paul