Sequential IL-23 and IL-17 and increased Mmp8 and Mmp14 expression characterize the progression of an experimental model of periodontal disease in type 1 diabetes

Molecular mechanisms responsible for periodontal disease (PD) and its worsening in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) remain unknown. Cytokine profile and expression levels of collagenases, Mmp14, and tissue inhibitors were determined, as were the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in combined streptozotocin-induced DM1 and ligature-induced PD models. Increased IL-23 (80-fold) and Mmp8 expression (25-fold) was found in DM1. Ligature resulted in an IL-1 beta/IL-6 profile, increased expression of Mmp8, Mmp13, and Mmp14 (but not Mmp1), and transient expression of Timp1 and Reck in non-diabetics. PD in DM1 involved IL-1 beta (but not IL-6) and IL-23/IL-17, reduced IL-6 and IL-10, sustained Mmp8 and Mmp14, increased Mmp13 and reduced Reck expression in association with 20-fold higher counts of neutrophils and macrophages. IL-23 and Mmp8 expression are hallmarks of DM1. In association with the IL-1/IL-6 (Th1) response in PD, one found a secondary IL-17 (Th17) pathway in non-diabetic rats. Low IL-6/TNF-a suggest that the Th1 response was compromised in DM1, while IL-17 indicates a prevalence of the Th17 pathway, resulting in high neutrophil recruitment. Mmp8, Mmp13, and Mmp14 expression seems important in the tissue destruction during PD in DM1. PD-associated IL-1/IL-6 (Th1), IL-10, and Reck expression are associated with the acute-to-chronic inflammation transition, which is lost in DM1. In conclusion, IL-23/IL-17 are associated with the PD progression in DM1. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 24412450, 2012. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Production of tomato seedlings using different substrates and trays in three protected environments Produção de mudas de tomate usando-se diferentes substratos e tipos de bandejas em três ambientes protegidos

The seedlings production is an essential part for vegetables production. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the environment, the substrates and the containers in the development of tomato seedlings, cv. Santa crus Kada Gigante, in Aquidauana -MS, Brazil region, from October to November, 2008. Polystyrene trays with 72; 128 and 200 cells, filled with four substrates (soil; Plantmax®; coconut fiber and vermiculite) were tested in three protected environments (greenhouse; screened with Sombrite® and screened with Aluminet®). The experimental design was completely randomized, factorial scheme 3x4 (three trays x four substrates), with four replications, being analyzed individual variance analysis and joint analysis for the environments. The environment with screens (Sombrite® and Aluminet®), the trays with 72 cells and the vermiculite produced better results.<br>A produção de mudas é uma etapa essencial na cadeia produtiva de hortaliças. Desta forma, este trabalho teve os objetivos de avaliar a ambiência, os substratos e os recipientes no desenvolvimento de mudas de tomateiro, cv. Santa Cruz Kada Gigante, na região de Aquidauana-MS, de outubro a novembro de 2008. Foram testadas bandejas de poliestireno com 72; 128 e 200 células, preenchidas com quatro substratos: solo; Plantmax®; fibra de coco fina, e vermiculita, em três ambientes protegidos: estufa, telado com Sombrite® e telado com Aluminet®. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (três bandejas x quatro substratos), com quatro repetições, realizando-se de análises de variâncias individuais e análise conjunta dos ambientes. Os ambientes telados (Sombrite® e Aluminet®), a bandeja com 72 células e a vermiculita produziram as melhores mudas