Progress and Problems of Primary Education in Bangladesh: A Snapshot of 50 Years

Bangladesh is celebrating its golden jubilee of independence in 2021. This South Asian country has been struggling for ensuring equitable, compulsory, and free primary education since the British period. The main objective of this paper is to explore the progress and constraints of primary education in Bangladesh for the period of 1971 to 2020. This study was conducted following the documentary research method. The secondary data was collected from different personal and official documents. Following the data-driven thematic analysis, it is found that the number of schools, students, and teachers was expressively increased in the last 50 years in Bangladesh. The access of girls increased more than 20% and the ratio of female teachers boosted 58.2% in primary schools. Moreover, the enrollment rate amplified more than 45% where the dropout rate drastically decreased by 61% from 1976 to 2020. The education policies had some good suggestions for ensuring the progress of primary education, however, some of the recommendations have not been implemented yet. This study introduces a progress evaluation framework for analyzing the educational progress of developing countries in Asia and Africa

Indicators of Faculty Research Proficiency: A Systematic Literature Review

Global formalization of knowledge depends largely upon the research productivity of university faculty; however, the skills that makeup a competent researcher are undefined. The current study aimed to identify the components of faculty research proficiency in the social science domain. The research questions are: (1) What research competencies are essential for a faculty member? (2) How has faculty research proficiency been measured in the past?https://commons.und.edu/grad-posters/1002/thumbnail.jp

Interpretation and Physical Modeling of Electronic Transport and Defect States in IGZO Thin-Film Transistors

This work is a comprehensive study on the interpretation and modeling of electronic transport behavior and defect states in indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) TFTs. Key studies have focused on advancing the state of IGZO TFTs by addressing several challenges in device stability, scaling, and device modeling. These studies have provided new insight on the associated mechanisms and have resulted in the realization of scaled thin-film transistors that exhibit excellent electrical performance and stability. This work has demonstrated the ability to scale the conventional inverted staggered IGZO TFT down to one micron channel length, with excellent on-state and off-state performance where the VT ≈1 V, µeff =12 cm2/Vs, Ileak ≤ 10-12 A/µm and SS ≈ 160 mV/dec. The working source/drain electrodes are direct metal contact regions to the IGZO, which requires several microns of gate overlap to provide ohmic behavior with minimal series resistance and ensure tolerance to overlay error. New results utilizing ion implantation for self-aligned source/drain regions present a path towards submicron channel length. This strategy offers a reduction in channel length as well as parasitic capacitance, which translates to improvement in RC delay and associated voltage losses due to charge-sharing. The realization of self-aligned TFTs using boron ion implantation for selective activation was introduced in a first-time report of boron-doped IGZO. Cryogenic measurements made on long-channel devices has revealed temperature-dependent behavior that is not explained by existing TCAD models employed for defect states and carrier mobility. A completely new device model using Silvaco Atlas has been established which properly accounts for the role of donor-like oxygen vacancy defects, acceptor-like band-tail states, acceptor-like interface traps, and a temperature-dependent intrinsic channel mobility. The developed model demonstrates a remarkable match to transfer characteristics measured at T = 150 K to room temperature. A power-law fit for the µch = f(T) relationship, which resembles 〖μ ~ T〗^((+3)⁄2) behavior consistent with ionized defect scattering. The mobility model is expressly independent of carrier concentration, without dependence on the applied gate bias. The device model is consistent with a compact model developed for circuit simulation (SPICE) that has been recently refined to include on-state and off-state operation. While IGZO is the only AOS technology mature enough for commercialization, the effective electron channel mobility µeff ~ 10 cm2/Vs presents a performance limitation. Other candidate AOS materials which have higher reported channel mobility values have also been investigated; specifically, indium-tungsten-oxide (IWO) and indium-gallium-tin-oxide (ITGO). These investigations serve as preliminary studies; device characteristics support the claims of high channel mobility; however the influence of defect states clearly indicates the need for further process development. The advancements realized in IGZO TFTs in this work will serve as a foundation for these alternative AOS materials

Classification Modeling for Malaysian Blooming Flower Images Using Neural Networks

Image processing is a rapidly growing research area of computer science and remains as a challenging problem within the computer vision fields. For the classification of flower images, the problem is mainly due to the huge similarities in terms of colour and texture. The appearance of the image itself such as variation of lights due to different lighting condition, shadow effect on the object’s surface, size, shape, rotation and position, background clutter, states of blooming or budding may affect the utilized classification techniques. This study aims to develop a classification model for Malaysian blooming flowers using neural network with the back propagation algorithms. The flower image is extracted through Region of Interest (ROI) in which texture and colour are emphasized in this study. In this research, a total of 960 images were extracted from 16 types of flowers. Each ROI was represented by three colour attributes (Hue, Saturation, and Value) and four textures attribute (Contrast, Correlation, Energy and Homogeneity). In training and testing phases, experiments were carried out to observe the classification performance of Neural Networks with duplication of difficult pattern to learn (referred to as DOUBLE) as this could possibly explain as to why some flower images were difficult to learn by classifiers. Results show that the overall performance of Neural Network with DOUBLE is 96.3% while actual data set is 68.3%, and the accuracy obtained from Logistic Regression with actual data set is 60.5%. The Decision Tree classification results indicate that the highest performance obtained by Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection(CHAID) and Exhaustive CHAID (EX-CHAID) is merely 42% with DOUBLE. The findings from this study indicate that Neural Network with DOUBLE data set produces highest performance compared to Logistic Regression and Decision Tree. Therefore, NN has been potential in building Malaysian blooming flower model. Future studies can be focused on increasing the sample size and ROI thus may lead to a higher percentage of accuracy. Nevertheless, the developed flower model can be used as part of the Malaysian Blooming Flower recognition system in the future where the colours and texture are needed in the flower identification process

Teknologi Informasi Digital Dalam Mendukung Program Pemerintah Gampong Di Reulet Timu

Peran penting dalam struktur pemerintahan daerah dengan adanya teknologi informasi digital dalam mendukung program perangkat gampong. pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dalam tata kelola gampong sangat penting untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, transparansi, dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam proses melihat informasi desa dan pelaksanaan program gampong yang telah dan sedang dilaksanakan. sistem informasi web gampong merupakan solusi yang efektif untuk mengintegrasikan teknologi informasi. Perkembangan teknologi menuntut penyesuaian tata kelola, termasuk pemerintahan desa. undang-undang nomor 6 tahun 2014 pada bab ix bagian ketiga pasal 86 tentang desa mengatur tentang ketersediaan website desa dalam mendukung pelayanan publik. permasalahannya sekarang adalah belum adanya website gampong yang baik untuk dapat menyampaikan informasi yang berkembang di gampong tersebut. Metodologi ini dalam pengabdian kepada masyarakat melalui beberapa kegiatan antara lain mengidentifikasi kebutuhan, merancang sistem, mengembangkan platform web, integrasi data, dan memberikan materi kepada masyarakat dalam mengoperasikan teknologi informasi digital dalam mendukung program pemerintah gampong. Pendekatan partisipatif melibatkan peran aktif pemerintah Gampong dan warga masyarakat dalam semua tahapan pembangunan. Hasil pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa teknologi Sistem Informasi Web Gampong mampu memberikan manfaat yang nyata dalam mendukung program pemerintah Gampong. Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi memungkinkan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan gampong menjadi lebih efisien, akses informasi yang lebih mudah bagi masyarakat. Selanjutnya, program pengembangan dapat lebih terencana, terukur, dan dapat dilihat melalui web digital, sehingga efektifitas pelaksanaannya meningkat

How Does Faculty Members Emotions Affect their Research Productivity? An International Faculty Perspective

Faculty success is complex and depends on multiple factors (e.g., demographic characteristics, emotion for research, motivation); particularly complicated are the factors affecting research productivity. Emotions have multi-faceted psychological dimensions that affect international faculty (46% of all US faculty) research success. This study wants to evaluate international faculty research productivity through the lens of Perkun\u27s emotion theory. 759 faculty were selected randomly from ten higher education institutions in the USA. This study used multi-item measurement scales and examined research questions through t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and path analysis. There were significant differences found among the faculty demographic characteristics and research success. International faculty had higher positive emotions (e.g., pride, enjoyment, satisfaction) while the domestic faculty had higher negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, frustration, disappointment). The control over research and the value of research positively predicted emotions for research. International faculty had more success in research (e.g., securing grants, and publications) than domestic facultyhttps://commons.und.edu/grad-posters/1003/thumbnail.jp

Practicing Diploma in Primary Education at Government Primary Schools: Policy and Reality

The Diploma in Primary Education (DPEd) is one of the significant advances of TED plan in Bangladesh. For ensuring quality primary education we need quality teachers whereas DPEd helps a lot. The main objective of this study is to explore the policy and practice issues for implementing DPEd at government primary schools. This study has followed qualitative research design as fundamental. Although it has been guided by empirical research method to collect and analyze the data, those data have been collected from both primary and secondary sources to meet the research questions. Using qualitative analysis method, it is found that DPEd has strong policy direction while the trainee teachers are facing different obstacles like as heavy academic works, extensive non-academic work, physical/mental sickness, non-cooperation of head teachers, assistant teachers and family members, reluctance of trainees, improper instructions, insolence of officials, imbalance of time and workload. This study recommended reduction of workload at fourth term and ensuring strong collaboration with PTIs and schools, close monitoring, mentoring and supervision for trainee teachers