Managing The Migration Policies Of Illegal Immigrants In Malaysia Through Policy Transfer Approach

Malaysia has always struggled with the issue of illegal immigrants. The fundamental factors behind this population inflow are the country's rapid economic growth and its attractiveness as a destination for foreign workers. This thesis specifically studies Malaysia's policy mechanisms towards illegal immigrants, particularly those who work here. Factors contributing to the influx of illegal immigrants include strong demand for both legal and illegal foreign workers, high costs for the process of employing legal foreign workers, abuse of power among government officials, and Malaysia's unique geographic location. All these elements have been termed "government dilemmas" since they cannot be properly handled due to the limitations and weaknesses of government programmes aimed at this group. This study uncovered mechanisms from other nations using a policy transfer approach. The single border agency and multi-level levy system are still in the planning stages, and the government is taking several steps to thoroughly examine them. The government is making improvements on the existing policies that include the digitalization of migration management, integrating planning with agencies and citizens, strengthening the MOU with the sending nations to achieve a win-win solution, implementing legal reforms for better employment activities, and including NGOs in governing the workers’ rights and welfare. Therefore, it is concluded that the Malaysian government is indeed practicing a policy transfer approach in attempting to curb the issue of illegal immigrants in Malaysia through policy learning and benchmarking

Halal Food Culture in Kuala Terengganu: Shariah Perspective (Istitābat Al-‘Arab)

Different cultures possess particular uniqueness in their culinary styles. Members in a society connect with each other through similar food patterns. People from different cultural backgrounds consume different foods with different culinary styles including ingredients used, preparation methods and consumption habits. Variations in food culture are basically due to different situations faced which vary according to different societies. Religion is perceived to play a part in shaping Kuala Terengganu’s food culture along with availability of food sources, geographical background, and historical background as well as migration. Considering that Kuala Terengganu is a predominantly Muslim district, its local food culture is by any means manifested by the prescription of Shariah Law, which is to consume halalan tayyiban and to bypass haram. This study attempts to review the concept of Istitābat Al-‘Arab pertaining to halal food rulings through various references found in different Quranic verses, hadith and principles. Also in this study, the different interpretations from major denominations in Islam (i.e. Hanafi, Maliki, Shafie and Hanbali) regarding the concept of Istitābat Al-‘Arab are discussed. Hence, this particular paper explains the concept of Istitābat Al-‘Arab in Shariah perspective in shaping Kuala Terengganu’s halal food culture with reference to local food rulings

Hatchery vaccination using liposomes as vaccine delivery against Infectious Bursal Disease in broiler chickens

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral disease of chickens. Application of liposomes in IBD vaccine may enhance vaccine delivery and induce high immune response. It was objective of the study to determine the effect of cationic liposomes in induction of IBD antibody. The 85 days old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups namely the control, IBD, Covac and Sevac groups. The chicks in the control group were not vaccinated. The IBD group was vaccinated with commercial IBD vaccine, MyHatch UPM93 (103 EID50/0.1 mL) whilst the Covac group was vaccinated with combination 1:2 ratio of MyHatch UPM93 and cationic liposomes. The Sevac group was vaccinated with combination 1:2 ratio of the IBDV seed virus (103 EID50/ 0.1 mL) and cationic liposomes. The commercial and IBD seed virus were used in this study to determine the most effective and practical approach in application of liposomes during vaccine preparation. The chicks were vaccinated via. subcutaneous route (0.1 mL per chick) at day old in hatchery or hatchery vaccination. All groups of chicks were sacrificed at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 post vaccination (pv) for samples collection, except 5 chicks were also sacrificed prior to vaccination at day-old age. The study showed that all chicks did not exhibit any abnormal clinical signs and gross lesions throughout the trial, except reduced in bursal weight were recorded at day 28 pv in the IBD, Covac and Sevac groups. Histologically, lesion scoring of the bursa of Fabricius was slightly increased at days 21 and 28 pv in the Covac and Sevac groups and day 28 pv in the IBD group. The IBD antibody titre for the Covac and Sevac groups were also significantly (p<0.05) increased at days 21 and 28 pv and day 28 pv in the IBD group. It was concluded that the application of cationic liposomes can enhance the delivery of IBD vaccine to the bursa of Fabricius and induce high level of IBD antibody with mild bursal lesion

Fuzzy Distance Measure Based Affinity Propagation Clustering

Affinity Propagation (AP) is an effective algorithm that find exemplars repeatedly exchange real valued messages between pairs of data points. AP uses the similarity between data points to calculate the messages. Hence, the construction of similarity is essential in the AP algorithm. A common choice for similarity is the negative Euclidean distance. However, due to the simplicity of Euclidean distance, it cannot capture the real structure of data. Furthermore, Euclidean distance is sensitive to noise and outliers such that the performance of the AP might be degraded. Therefore, researchers have intended to utilize different similarity measures to analyse the performance of AP. nonetheless, there is still a room to enhance the performance of AP clustering. A clustering method called fuzzy based Affinity propagation (F-AP) is proposed, which is based on a fuzzy similarity measure. Experiments shows the efficiency of the proposed F-AP, experiments is performed on UCI dataset. Results shows a promising improvement on AP

State-Of-The-Art In Image Clustering Based On Affinity Propagation

Proclivity spread (AP) is a productive unsupervised grouping technique, which display a quick execution speed and discover bunches in a low mistake rate. AP calculation takes as info a similitude network that comprise of genuine esteemed likenesses between information focuses. The strategy iteratively trades genuine esteemed messages between sets of information focuses until a decent arrangement of models developed. The development of the comparability network dependent on the Euclidean separation is a significant stage during the time spent AP. Appropriately, the conventional Euclidean separation which is the summation of the pixel-wise force contrasts perform beneath normal when connected for picture grouping, as it endures of being reasonable to exceptions and even to little misshapening in pictures. Studies should be done on different methodologies from existing investigations especially in the field of picture grouping with different datasets. In this way, a sensible picture closeness metric will be researched to suite with datasets in the picture clustering field. As an end, changing the comparability lattice will prompt a superior clustering results

Role of Organic Loading Rate in Bioenergy Generation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent in a Two-Stage Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor

This contribution presents the technical possibilities for continuous hydrogen and methane production using an optimum organic loading rate of palm oil mill effluent in a two-stage reactor at a thermophilic temperature of 55 °C. The influence of four organic loading rates, namely, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg COD/(m3 d) for hydrogen production and 8.3, 10.2, 13.1, 15.8 kg COD/(m3 d) for methane production, were investigated. Hydrogen production was controlled in an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor at a constant hydraulic retention time of 12 h. The maximum hydrogen content, volumetric hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield were found to be 45%, 2.5 L H2/d and 33.48 mL H2/g COD, respectively, at the organic loading rate of 50 kg COD/(m3 d). The effluent from the hydrogenogenic reactor was further digested into methane in the continuous stirred tank reactor at a hydraulic retention time of 5 d. The maximum volumetric methane production rate and methane yield were 10.58 L CH4/d. and 0.11 m3 CH4/kg COD, respectively, at an organic loading rate of 13.1 kg COD/(m3 d). A total chemical oxygen demand removal of 91% was achieved in this two-stage process. The scientific contribution of this two-stage technology with an optimized organic loading rate may play a significant role in degrading palm oil mill effluent and developing an energy-efficient strategy for waste management

Liposomes as vaccine carrier in hatchery vaccination against infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens

Liposome is one of the nano-based carriers with structural similarity to cell membrane. Application of liposomes in infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine may enhance vaccine delivery process. It was the objective of this study to determine the effectiveness of cationic liposomes in induction of IBD antibody in broiler chickens. Eighty five day old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups namely the IBD, Covac, Sevac and Control. The chicks in the IBD group were vaccinated with commercial IBD vaccine (My Hatch UPM93) with virus titre of 103 EID50 / 0.1mL. The chicks in the Covac group were vaccinated with combination 1:2 ratio of cationic liposomes and My Hatch UPM93, whereas the chicks in the Sevac group were vaccinated with combination 1:2 ratio of cationic liposomes and working IBDV seed virus (MyHatch UPM93). The chicks in all groups were vaccinated at day old at hatchery (hatchery vaccination) via subcutaneous inoculation. The chicks in the Control group were not vaccinated. All chicks in the groups were sacrificed at various intervals and prior to necropsy, the body weights of chicks were recorded, and blood samples were collected. On necropsy, the bursa weight were recorded and fixed into 10% formalin. The study showed that the chickens from all groups did not exhibit any abnormal clinical signs and gross lesions throughout the trial, except reduced in bursal weight and bursal to body weight ratio were recorded at day 28 pv in IBD, Covac and Sevac groups when compared to the Control. The lesion scoring of the bursa of Fabricius in the Control group remained low throughout the trial. The lesion scoring in the Covac group was slightly increased at days 21 and 28pv. A similar pattern was recorded in the Sevac group. However, the lesion scoring in the IBD group was only recorded to increase at day 28. It is interesting to note that the bursa lesion scoring is directly related to the level of IBD antibody: the severe the lesion the high antibody titre was induced. The IBD antibody titre in the Control group was continued to decrease (p<0.05) from days 0 to 28. The antibody titre in the IBD group was started to increase significantly (p<0.05) at day 28pv. The antibody titre in the Covac and Sevac groups were started to increase at days 21 and 28 pv. Despite low amount of IBDV dosage used in Covac (2/3) when compared to IBD group, the results showed that the chickens in the Covac group showed higher lesion scoring and IBD antibody titre when compared to the IBD group. It was concluded that the application of cationic liposomes can enhance the delivery of IBDV vaccine to the target organ, the bursa of Fabricius and induce high and protective level of IBD antibody titre with mild bursal lesion. Hatchery vaccination using UPM93 IBDV strain either with or without cationic liposomes is effective and could induce high and protective level of IBD antibody against IBDV challenged

Infectious bursal disease vaccine delivery via topical application in 18-day-old specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vaccination against infectious bursal disease (IBD) via topical application of IBD vaccine (MyVAC UPM93) either with or without liposomes as vaccine carrier in 18-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs. The study demonstrated that the IBD vaccine group alone could induce high and protective level of IBD antibody titre (2545+1884 ELISA unit) in the chicks at 14 days of age. In contrast, IBD antibody titre was not detected in the liposomes, combination of liposomes with IBD vaccine and control groups of chickens. It appears that further study is needed to improve the liposome as a vaccine carrier to accelerate vaccine delivery to the target organ and enhance antibody titre. It was concluded that topical application of IBD vaccine (MyVAC UPM93) in 18-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs can be an effective vaccination route against IBD

“Spray Technique: Tracing the Sketch Traditions of Limestone Cave in Lenggong, Perak”

Archaeological research provides the widest opportunity for researchers to analyse various aspects and disciplines appropriate to the subject and the object of choice. Subject and object selection is the work of exploration artefacts found in particular sites and archaeological heritage. Exploration and excavation on of a world heritage site such as Lenggong enables researchers to uncover various archaeological artefacts that are rich and meaningful. To find evidence of the strength and benefits of an artefact, further studies on each artefact should be carried out continuously. This essay will track the wisdom of the ancient artists use to produce paintings in a limestone cave in Lenggong, Perak, using spray techniques. Some artefacts that are identified as cave paintings show a very interesting sketch technique that are unique and special. This essay will also examine some of the cave paintings in other caves in Perak and also other caves in several countries as comparison. Studies involving cave paintings in Malaysia are new compared to Western countries. Thus, the study of one of the technique which is spray technique can open the eyes of the audience to acknowledge and recognise the ancient heritage. It also hoped that this study is able to increase the body of knowledge that goes beyond the boundaries of the arts district and the country