PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI BATANG TUA KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN AIR PANAS BERTEKANAN DAN BALL MILL

Bioethanol from oil palm trunk is one important source of energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to avoid competition between the use for food and for energy as happens in other commodities. Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using sulfuric acid has high efficiency but requires high cost to neutralize the byproducts formed. Pre-treatment using hot compressed water and ball mill can be used to break down the structure and composition of lignocellulose so as to increase the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis and increase the sugar yield. Hydrolysis using an enzyme cocktail with hot compressed water and ball mill can each produce 210 mg of glucose at a temperature of 220°C and 200 mg of glucose for 120 minutes at room temperature per gram of oil palm trunk. Both of these processes are environmentally friendly and have a high efficiency in the production of bioethanol from oil palm trunks.Keywords: bioethanol, oil palm trunk, ball mill, hot compressed water, hydrolysis  ABSTRAKBioetanol dari batang kelapa sawit adalah salah satu sumber energi yang penting untuk mengurangi emisi rumah kaca dan menghindari konflik kepentingan antara kebutuhan bahan pangan dan penggunaan energi sebagaimana terjadi pada komoditas lain. Pengolahan awal biomassa lignoselulosa menggunakan asam sulfat memiliki efisiensi yang tinggi tetapi membutuhkan biaya yang tinggi guna menetralisisr produk samping yang terbentuk. Pengolahan awal menggunakan air panas bertekanan dan ball mill dapat digunakan untuk memecah struktur dan komposisi lignoselulosa sehingga dapat meningkatkan laju hidrolisis enzim dan meningkatkan hasil gula. Hidrolisis menggunakan multienzim dengan air panas bertekanan dan ball mill masing-masing dapat menghasilkan 210 mg glukosa pada suhu 220°C dan 200 mg glukosa selama 120 menit pada suhu kamar per gram batang kelapa sawit. Kedua proses tersebut ramah lingkungan dan memiliki efisiensi yang tinggi pada produksi bioetanol dari batang kelapa sawit.Kata Kunci: bioetanol, batang kelapa sawit, ball mill, air panas bertekanan, hidrolisisÂ

Über Entstehung der Sammlung der Heidenröslein-Vertonungen

Hier wird berichtet über Arbeitsvorgang der Sammel-und Forschungstätigkeit über das Lied „Heidenröslein“, das ab Ende des 18 Jahrhunderts bis in die 1980er Jahre fast alle zwanzig Jahre geschaffen worden ist. Die Beschreibung wird je nach Punkten, in 10 Verteilungen, geordnet. 1. Erster Anstoβ, 2 . Die Tradition bzw. der Stamm der Samm lung und Erforschung des Lieds „Heidenröslein“, 3. „Heidenröslein“ in Japan, 4 . Unsere Sammel-und Forschungstätigkeit und Deutsches Volksliedarchiv, 5 . „Zweiter Anstoβ“ und　Zusammenarbeit mit Herrn Professor Schade, 6 . Neue Mitarbeiter, 7 . lnternationale Verbreitung des Liedes „Heidenröslein“ 8. Japanische Übersetzung und Lehrbuch für Deutsch, 9. Revision der Noten und 10. Danksagung

Versuch der geschichtlichen und gegenwärtigen Übersicht des Haiku auf Hokkaidō Japan

This paper is the first attemt to report the Haiku of Hokkaidō JAPAN in one of the world-languages. We try to give a detailed description of the history of and the present situation about the Haiku in Hokkaidō. The essential core of “Northern Haiku" or “Hokkaidō Haiku" has been formed as a protest against the Haiku in Honshū. the Main Island of Japan, where the Hototogisu-group leads from the standpoint of the traditional aesthetics. The characteristic of the aesthetics of “Northern Haiku" consists of, for example, many kigoes (symbol-words for the seasons), which are different from those of the Haiku in Honshū The kigoes in Hokkaidō find the various connections between the free mentality of the people and the northern-countryside in this island. In the year 1955 the Haiku Society of Hokkaidō started. We now have a lot of well-known haijins who issue Haiku-Magazine. In this paper of famous haijins appear with their Haiku poems

Reduction of Postoperative Pain by Addition of Intravenous Acetaminophen after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Cohort Study

We evaluated the analgesic effects of multimodal pain control in which intravenous acetaminophen (IV APAP) was added to the standard protocol for Japanese patients who had undergone a total hip arthroplasty (THA). We performed a retrospective cohort study of 180 patients aged 66.4±10.5 years (30% male) who had undergone a THA (Oct. 2014 to Feb. 2015) at our hospital. The control patients were administered the standard analgesic protocol: flurbiprofen axetil as a continuous intravenous infusion and oral celecoxib (NAPAP; n=109). The patients in the new analgesic protocol group received IV APAP in addition to the standard analgesic protocol (APAP; n=71). The primary outcome was the maximum value of postoperative pain the patients reported on a numerical rating scale (NRS) during the first 24 h post-surgery. A univariate analysis and multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, the stage of hip osteoarthritis, preoperative pain, and surgical time showed that the maximum postoperative pain NRS scores during the first 24 h after surgery was significantly lower when the APAP protocol was used. The addition of IV APAP to the current standard multimodal analgesia protocol for Japanese patients who have undergone a THA may decrease the patients’ postoperative pain