Effect Of NaoH In Hydrogen Production From NaBH4 By Using Co-B-F And Co-B-P Catalysts

In this study, Co-B-F and Co-B-P catalysts were synthesized in order to produce hydrogen from sodium boron hydride hydrolysis. Sodium hydroxide concentration in hydrogen production from sodium boron hydride is immensely important to stabilize the reaction. In the case of over use of sodium hydroxide, catalytic activity of the catalyst will decrease, On the other hand, In the case of under-use or without any usage of the catalyst, sodium boron hydride degradation will occur. For these reasons, optimum sodium hydroxide concentrations were determined in the case of synthesized Co-B-F and Co-B-P catalysts usage in sodium boron hydride hydrolysis. In the presence of different sodium hydroxide concentrations, reaction rates and reaction rate constants were examined separately which hydrolysis of sodium borohydride with sodium hydroxide concentration was determined to be effective and how important the hydrogen production. Co-BF in the presence of catalyst for hydrogen production rate of 2.5% concentrations of NaOH in 2400 ml / dk.catalyst, Co-BP for the catalysts was 1605 ml / dk.catalyst was determined

The Effects of Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Flap on the Development of Frey’s Syndrome and Cosmetic Outcomes After Superficial Parotidectomy

Objective:To investigate the outcomes of superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) flap and classic techniques in superficial parotidectomy in terms of Frey’s syndrome (FS) and cosmetic satisfaction.Methods:In this study, a retrospective chart review of patients that underwent superficial parotidectomy was performed. These patients were divided into two subgroups: group 1 included patients in which the SMAS flap was harvested and group 2 comprised the remaining patients on whom classic superficial parotidectomy was performed. All the patients were evaluated clinically and with Minor’s starch-iodine test for FS. For the evaluation of the cosmetic results, the patient’s satisfaction was queried according to the incision scar and surgical field skin retraction/facial symmetry. Both groups were compared in terms of complications and numbness of surgical area.Results:Fifty-five patients (31 male and 24 female) with a mean age of 50.19 years were included in the study. Thirty-two patients were in group 1 and 23 in group 2. Thirteen patients (23.7%) described as having FS and six of them were in group 1, while seven were in group 2. Minor’s starch-iodine test was positive in nine patients in group 1 (28.1%) and six patients in group 2 (26.1%) (p=1.000). With regard to cosmetic satisfaction, eight patients (25%) stated mild discomfort from the incision scar and two patients (6.3%) stated cosmetic dissatisfaction for facial asymmetry in group 1. In group 2 for the same factors the number of patients were 11 (47.8%) and 2 two (8.7%), respectively (p=0.027). There were no statistically significant differences in means of complication and numbness (p>0.05).Conclusion:According to our study results, there was no superiority between both the groups in terms of FS and incision scar satisfaction. We determined that there was a significant benefit of SMAS flap application in the prevention of volume loss and surgical area retraction

Türk sosyal güvenlik hukukunda sigortalı kavramı

Anahtar Kelimeler : Sigortalı, Genel Sağlık Sigortalısı TÜRK SOSYAL GÜVENLİK HUKUKUNDA SİGORTALI KAVRAMI Uzun yıllardır sosyal güvenlik alanında yapılmak istenen reform çalışmaları, 1990’lı yıllarla birlikte sosyal güvenlik kurumlarının ciddi açıklar vermeye başlaması ile birlikte hız kazanmıştır. 2002 yılında başlayan ve sosyal güvenlikte reform adı ile yürütülen çalışmaların ilk neticesi 2006 yılında sosyal güvenlik kurumlarının birleştirilmesi ile alınmıştır. 2008 yılında da 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanununun yürürlüğe girmesi ile sosyal güvenlik normları ile ilgili geniş düzenlemeler yapılmış ve ülkemizde genel sağlık sigortası uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Genel sağlık sigortasının uygulanması ile birlikte sigortalı kavramının yanında genel sağlık sigortalısı kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma ile sosyal sigortalar ve genel sağlık sigortası açısından sigortalı kavramı üzerinde durulmuş, Kanunun atıflarla karmaşıklaşmış yapısı sadeleştirilerek, kimlerin hangi kapsamda sigorta hak ve yükümlülüklerinden yararlanabileceği sistematik olarak açıklanmıştır. Keywords : Insuree, General Health Insuree ABSTRACT THE INSUREE CONCEPT IN TURKISH SOCIAL SECURITY LAW The reform efforts that are desired to be made for many years in social security field has accelerated by the budget deficits of social security institutions in 1990’s. The first outcome of the studies which started in 2002 and named as social security reform is the unitization of the social secutiry instutions in 2006. In 2008, by the establisment of Social Security and General Health Insurance Law, No:5510, many regulations are made about social security norms and general health insurance is started. By the regulation of general health insurance, the term general health insuree appeared besides the term insuree. This study is focused on the insuree term from the social securities and general health insurance’s point of view, the complexity of the Law’s text is simplified and who can benefit from the insurances and scope of rights and obligations of the insurances is systematically explained

Efficacy of acute stroke units : Updated meta-analysis

824Background A Cochrane review (2009) has concluded that the provision of care in stroke units (SU) improves stroke outcomes significantly. This study aimed to update the Cochrane review on acute SU care. We performed a meta-analysis on the benefit of acute SUs against alternatives. Methods Clinical trials published before 2006 were identified via the Cochrane review. Trials after 2006 were identified through a thorough electronic database search. For meta-analysis dichotomous outcomes were estimated by odds ratio (OR) and continuous outcomes were estimated by standardized mean difference. Weight of a study was calculated based on inverse variance. Results After two screenings 20 trials were included in the study: 12 compared SUs with alternative, 5 compared SUs with a specific protocol versus conventional SU care, 3 compared SUs followed by specific interventions versus SUs followed by conventional follow-up. Acute SU care significantly improved patient outcomes in terms of institutional care (OR=0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 0.79, P=0.0002); death or institutional care (OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.83, P<0.0001), death or dependency (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.96, P=0.01; (4) length of hospital stay, standardized mean difference=-0.27 day, 95% CI -0.36 to -0.19, P<0.0001). The effect of SUs on mortality was around bottom-line statistical significance (OR=0.84, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.00, P=0.05). The benefit of SUs on mortality can be easily altered by changing the inclusion criteria (e.g. randomized controlled trials only, use of unpublished data). Effect of SUs on dependency was not significant (OR=0.92, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.13, P= 0.42). Conclusion This update confirmed the findings of the previous Cochrane review in general. Yet it showed that the benefit of SUs was more significant on composite outcomes (e.g. death or dependency, death or institutional care) than on individual outcomes (e.g. death, dependency)

Quality indicators for stroke units : A combination of evidence and experts consensus

478Background The provision of care in stroke units (SU) improves stroke outcomes significantly. The European Stroke Organization set up a working group for accreditation in stroke care but in Belgium there are today no national quality criteria applied to SU. The aim of the present study was to define a set of quality indicators (QI) for SUs in Belgium. Methods Generic and disease-specific QIs databases and QIs used in other countries were searched and an exhaustive list of stroke QIs was prepared. All QIs were grouped according to their characteristics and by their occurrence in the flow of care. QIs with a similar content but with different definitions were grouped into a single QI. The level of evidence to support each QI was summarized using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology. The process was validated by a first group of stroke experts. Seven stroke experts further rated the QIs on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 9. They were asked to take 6 dimensions into account: relevance, validity, reliability, specificity, feasibility, potential for improvement. Results This process first identified 98 indicators and the final list included 48 QIs. A large amount of evidence were identified concerning process QIs (N=28) but less so for structure (N=15) and outcome QIs (N=5). Structure QIs included multidisciplinary stroke team and 24 hour brain imaging, training of medical staff, availability of vascular imaging and of diagnostic methods, documentation and risk assessment in the medical records. Process QIs were classified as hyper-acute phase, early acute management, inpatient care, discharge care. The outcome QIs were mortality, improvement on speech and language, level of dependency, quality of life, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Conclusion This study provided an exhaustive list of QIs for SU as well as their level of evidence. The findings are now further used by authorities and specialists to set up an accreditation system in Belgium

Accreditation in stroke units of 6 European regions : One name different realities

481Background: ESO guidelines aim to promote standardised care of high quality in Europe but the organisation of acute care in stroke units (SU) largely differs between countries. This study aimed to scrutinize the accreditation or certification procedures of SU in 6 countries/regions: Scotland, Sweden, The Netherlands, France, Germany and the “London Stroke Services” (LSS). Methods: the information was collected with standardised questionnaires (25 pages) sent by mail to 12 experts from the 6 countries/regions. The research team analyzed the answers and clarified further issues by interviews. Results: an official mandatory accreditation procedure (organized and paid by governmental agencies) exists in Scotland, in LSS and in France. In Germany this procedure exists (private organizations) but is not mandatory. The accreditation process always implies at least site-visits and patient data review. Accreditation is renewed on a 1-, 3-, or 5-year basis. Some countries differentiate between types of SU (e.g. primary, comprehensive SU). The study further listed the criteria that SU must fulfil and the indicators measured for their accreditation (structure, process and outcome). Few of them refer to outcomes e.g. mortality, complications and recurrence. Incentives to encourage better quality differ between countries: public reporting of the results of the accreditation procedure, support to poor performers, benchmarking between hospitals, financial consequences. Conclusion: this exhaustive analysis gives an overview of the accreditation procedures in selected European countries. Care of high quality relies on a common evidence base but the quality assurance procedures, the indicators used as well as the consequences of the measurement largely differ between the countries. The question is to know if these various accreditation procedures result in differences in patients' outcomes

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from acorn shell by physical activation with H2O–CO2 in two-step pretreatment

Activated carbons have been prepared by physical activation with H2O–CO2 in two-step pre-treatment including ZnCl2–HCl from acorn shell at 850 °C. The active carbons were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K. Adsorption capacity was demonstrated by the iodine numbers. The surface chemical characteristics of activated carbons were determined by FTIR spectroscopic method. The microstructure of the activated carbons prepared was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The maximum BET surface area of the obtained activated carbon was found to be around 1779 m2/g

Applications on agricultural and forest waste adsorbents for the removal of lead (II) from contaminated waters

At present, there is growing interest in using low cost, commercially available materials for the adsorption of heavy metals. The major advantages of adsorption technologies are its effectiveness in reducing the concentration of heavy metal ions to very low levels and the use of inexpensive adsorbent materials. In this review, agricultural and forest waste adsorbents were used to remove Pb2+ ions in wastewater treatment, and their technical feasibilities were reviewed in studies mainly from 2000 to 2010. They all were compared with each other by metal binding capacities, metal removal performances, sorbent dose, optimum pH, temperature, initial concentration and contact time. Although commercial activated carbon is widely used in wastewater treatment applications, it has high costs. The use of agricultural by-products as adsorbent material to purify heavy metal contaminated water has become increasingly popular through the past decade because they are less expensive, biodegradable, abundant and efficient. Instead of activated carbon, this study was focused on the inexpensive materials such as agricultural and forest waste. It was shown that these alternative adsorbents had sufficient binding capacity to remove Pb2+ ions from wastewater

Hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of sodium borohydride with a novel palladium metal complex catalyst

Generally, the complex catalyst is considered homogeneous catalyst, which is coordinated some ligands. In this study, we have treated a solid–state complex catalyst for NaBH4 hydrolysis. We report the synthesis of salicylaldimine ligand and its Pd metal complex. The obtained Pd catalyst is tested for hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of NaBH4. The effects of temperature, NaBH4 concentration, NaOH concentration and catalyst amount on the catalytic activity toward hydrogen production from hydrolysis of NaBH4 are comparatively investigated. The Pd-containing catalyst is characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)