Figure 7 in Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana

Figure 7. (A) Eggs that were laid in mass (scale bar = 1.5 mm); (B) eggs that were laid scattered singly (scale bar = 1.5 mm).Published as part of Peng, T.L., Sajap, A.S. & Samsuddin, A.S., 2015, Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana, pp. 2589-2596 in Journal of Natural History 49 (43) on page 2594, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1034210, http://zenodo.org/record/400083

Figure 10 in Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana

Figure 10. Final instar larvae of Cyclosia macularia: (A) thoracic leg (scale bar = 1 mm); (B) A3 proleg (scale bar = 1 mm). C – distal claw, CX – coxa, F – femur, TA – tarsus, TI – tibia, TR – trochanter.Published as part of <i>Peng, T.L., Sajap, A.S. & Samsuddin, A.S., 2015, Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana, pp. 2589-2596 in Journal of Natural History 49 (43)</i> on page 2595, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1034210, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4000830">http://zenodo.org/record/4000830</a&gt

Figure 4 in Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana

Figure 4. (A) Dorsal perspective of female Cyclosia macularia (♀; scale bar = 5 mm); (B) female C. macularia found on tree bark (♀; scale bar = 10 mm); (C) ventral perspective of female C. macularia fore wing (♀; scale bar = 5 mm).Published as part of <i>Peng, T.L., Sajap, A.S. & Samsuddin, A.S., 2015, Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana, pp. 2589-2596 in Journal of Natural History 49 (43)</i> on page 2592, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1034210, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4000830">http://zenodo.org/record/4000830</a&gt

Figure 8 in Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana

Figure 8. Final instar larva of Cyclosia macularia: (A) lateral perspective (scale bar = 10 mm); (B) ventral perspective (scale bar = 10 mm). AP – abdominal prolegs, AnP – anal prolegs, AS – anal shield, H – head, LB – labrum, MD – mandible, T – tentacle, TL – thoracic legs, PS – prothoracic shield.Published as part of <i>Peng, T.L., Sajap, A.S. & Samsuddin, A.S., 2015, Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana, pp. 2589-2596 in Journal of Natural History 49 (43)</i> on page 2594, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1034210, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4000830">http://zenodo.org/record/4000830</a&gt

Caste biology and behaviour of Bulbitermes sarawakensis (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae) in Malaysia

Morphometrics, caste composition and behaviour were studied in Bulbitermes sarawakensis (Isoptera; Nasutitermitinae) in Malaysia. Morphometric studies displayed two larval stages, a presoldier and a soldier caste, two worker castes and different nymphal stages. Four different nymphs with long wings and two with wing pads were found. The function of the latter is not understood. Removal of parts of galleries in the field resulted in an immediate but temporary retreat of workers and the appearance of soldiers. Soldiers stayed at the broken gallery until workers had it reconstructed. Foraging activity differed per colony and over daytime. The positive exponential relation found between foraging activity and caste ratio (workers/soldiers) can be explained by a stronger increase in worker numbers than in soldier numbers

Suitability of Centella Asiatica (Pegaga) as a Food Source for Rearing Spodoptera Litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Condition

When conducting entomological research, it is necessary to have a sufficient quantity of the desired pest. One of the pests commonly used in research is Spodoptera litura. Mass rearing of herbivorous caterpillars like S. litura requires large amounts of a suitable food source. Hence, the use of an easy-to-grow host plant would be most practical and reasonable. Centella asiatica known as ‘pegaga’ grows easily, produces plenty of leaves, and is available throughout the year in Malaysia. The suitability of C. asiatica as a food source for S. litura was evaluated by studying the biology of this pest on excised C. asiatica leaves, under laboratory conditions. S. litura completed its whole life cycle in 29 to 35 days. The mean pupal weight and the average number of eggs laid by a single female were 0.341 g and 1,930 eggs, respectively. Daily monitoring of the larval development stages as well as analysis on the width of head capsules, revealed the existence of six instars during the larval stages of S. litura. The cumulative survival rate for immature developmental stages was 80%, while the stage-specific survivorship was over 90%. This study demonstrated the use of ‘pegaga’ as a suitable new food source for when rearing S. litura larvae in the laboratory

Caste biology and behaviour of Bulbitermes sarawakensis (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae) in Malaysia

Morphometrics, caste composition and behaviour were studied in Bulbitermes sarawakensis (Isoptera; Nasutitermitinae) in Malaysia. Morphometric studies displayed two larval stages, a presoldier and a soldier caste, two worker castes and different nymphal stages. Four different nymphs with long wings and two with wing pads were found. The function of the latter is not understood. Removal of parts of galleries in the field resulted in an immediate but temporary retreat of workers and the appearance of soldiers. Soldiers stayed at the broken gallery until workers had it reconstructed. Foraging activity differed per colony and over daytime. The positive exponential relation found between foraging activity and caste ratio (workers/soldiers) can be explained by a stronger increase in worker numbers than in soldier numbers

Proceedings of a Regional Symposium on Recent Developments in Tree Plantations of Humid / Subhumid Tropics of Asia

Meeting: Regional Symposium on Recent Developments in Tree Plantations of Humid / Subhumid Tropics of Asia, 5-9 June, 1989, Serdang, M

Teknik pengesanan spora nosema bombycis dan kesan jangkitan pada larva plutella xylostella

Beberapa teknik pewarnaan biasa telah digunakan untuk mengesan peringkat hidup Nosema bombycis (khususnya spora) yang terdapat pada larva Plutella xylostella (rama-rama belakang intan, DBM) yang terjangkit begitujuga kesan jangkitan spora ini ke atas larva telah dikaji. Larva instar 1,2,3 dan 4 DBM yang bebas daripadajangkitan spora telah dijangkiti dengan empat kepekatan spora (407150, 41420, 4260 dan 420 spora/μl) secara berasingan dengan membiarkan larva ini memakan makanan buatan yang telah dicemari dengan kepekatan spora tersebut. Pemprosesan tisu dengan teknik pewarnaan, penentuan kepekatan spora daripada larva dan cerapan langsung telah dilakukan dalam tempoh 24, 48 dan 72 j selepas jangkitan. Didapati teknik pewarnaan Gram, Giemsa, hematoksilin dan trikrom lebih sesuai untuk mengesan spora, sporon dan meron daripada tisu larva yang terjangkit berbanding teknik 'good Pasteur'. Kesan utama jangkitan spora ialah kematian larva yang bergantung kepada kepekatan spora yang digunakan dan didapati ins tar yang lebih muda adalah lebih rentan terhadap jangkitan ini berbanding instar yang lebih matang. Kepekatan spora 407150, 41420 dan 4260 spora) μl boleh menyebabkan kematian manakala kepekatan spora terendah (420 spora/)1.l) tidak menyebabkan kematian. Kadar kematian instar yang lebih muda lebih tinggi (p<0.001 ) berbanding instar yang lebih matang. Nilai LC50 dan LC95 bagi instar 1 dan 2 lebih rendah berbanding instar 3 dan 4, selepas 48 dan 72 j jangkitan. lni menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan spora yang lebih tinggi diperlukan untuk membunuh instar yang bersaiz lebih besar dan lebih matang. Bilangan spora terendah diperolehi pada tempohjangkitan 24 j manakala bilangan spora tertinggi diperolehi pada tempoh jangkitan 72 j. Kajian histologi ke atas tisu larva terjangkit mendapati kerosakan terjadi pada tisu lemak dan usus yang menyebabkan kematian. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa peringkat hidup N bombycis khususnya spora dapat dikesan dengan baik menerusi teknik pewarnaan yang biasa dan kebolehjangkitan parasit ini dan kesannya kepada larva DBM telah diketahui