Aharanov-Bohm effect for the edge states of zigzag carbon nanotubes

Two delocalized states of metallic zigzag carbon nanotubes near the Dirac point can be localized by the Aharanov-Bohm magnetic field around 20 Tesla. The dependence of the localization on the length and diameter of the nanotubes shows that the localization-delocalization transition can be observed for 2 nm diameter tube. The mechanism of the localization is explained in terms of the deformation-induced gauge field, which shows a topological nature of the localization. The transition from the delocalized states to the localized states can be observed by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. A similarity between the transition and the spin Hall effect is discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Can Cross-Border Financial Markets Create Endogenously Good Collateral in a Crisis?

In this paper, we explore whether markets can create endogenously good collateral in a crisis by analyzing a simple exchange economy where a country-specific catastrophic shock is shared between two countries. To see this possibility, we examine whether the equilibrium achieved by the time-0 complete markets with solvency constraints can be recovered in the dynamically complete markets with collateral constraints. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to recover the time-0 equilibrium outcome in a sequential manner when pricing errors occur randomly in evaluating Lucas trees at a catastrophic event. Such stochastic components may be interpreted as a policy initiative to create good collateral and yield constrained efficient outcomes at crisis periods.Solvency Constraints, Collateral Constraints, Dynamic Optimal Contract, Catastrophic Shocks

Worm-like carbon shell chains produced from wood

Large-scale utilization of wood which command absolute majority in biomass for functional carbon precursors contributes to reduce greenhouse effect. Wood char generally has a limit on material usage because of its non-graphitic structure^1^, so we developed a new functional wood char by iron-, or nickel-catalyzed carbonization, which has a graphite-like structure with mesopores good for electroconductivity and liquid phase adsorption capacity for macro molecules^2-5^. However the fine structure of the wood char is still not clear. Here we report more than 70 wt % of iron-catalyzed wood char is filled with chained carbon shells formed by 3~20 defective stacking layers of carbon hexagonal planes, which look like nanometer-sized worms swarm. We name them "carbon shell chains". The discussion of the formation mechanism reveals that the wood cell wall plays an important role for their efficient production. They are stable at 1800 ºC under vacuum, but in air, burn under 600 ºC, and are perfectly conversed into hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a short time by steam at 900 ºC. The control of their decomposition will bring out a new talent in the wood char as a big source of supply for nano-graphite or nano-graphene, for which nanometer size and edge effects have recently attracted considerable attention^6^. In addition, a simple and easy preparation of carbon shell chains implies that they may be naturally produced on or in the earth rich in iron, and might be misinterpreted as nano-worms, though most of them may decompose into organic gases

The interaction of amyloid A beta(1-40) with lipid bilayers and ganglioside as studied by P-31 solid-state NMR

Amyloid P-peptide (A beta) is a major component of plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and formation of senile plaques has been suggested to originate fro m regions of neuronal membrane rich in gangliosides. We analyzed the mode of interaction of A beta with lipid bilayers by multinuclear NMR using P-31 nuclei. We found that A beta (1-40) strongly perturbed the bilayer structure of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPQ, to form a non-lamellar phase (most likely micellar). The ganglioside GM1 potentiated the effect of A beta (1-40), as viewed from P-31 NMR. The difference of the isotropic peak intensity between DMPC/A beta and DMPC/GM1/A beta suggests a specific interaction between A beta and GM1. We show that in the DMPC/GM1/A beta system there are three lipid phases, namely a lamellar phase, a hexagonal phase and non-oriented lipids. The latter two phases are induced by the presence of the A beta peptide, and facilitated by GM1. 9) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Case of Almost Redundant Components in 3 alpha Faddeev Equations

The 3 alpha orthogonality condition model using the Pauli-forbidden bound states of the Buck, Friedlich and Wheatly alpha alpha potential can yield a compact 3 alpha ground state with a large binding energy, in which a small admixture of the redundant components can never be eliminated.Comment: Revtex V4.0, 4 pages, no figure

Von K\'arm\'an vortex street in a Bose-Einstein condensate

Vortex shedding from an obstacle potential moving in a Bose-Einstein condensate is investigated. Long-lived alternately aligned vortex pairs are found to form in the wake, as for the von K\'arm\'an vortex street in classical viscous fluids. Various patterns of vortex shedding are systematically studied and the drag force on the obstacle is calculated. It is shown that the phenomenon can be observed in a trapped system.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Irreversibility and Entropy Production in Transport Phenomena I

*First-principles derivation of the entropy production in erectric static conduction. *The second-order (symmetric) density matrix contributes to the entropy production. *New schemes of steady states formulated using a relaxation-type von Neumann equation. *Stationary temperature is introduced to characterize steady states. *The mechanism of the entropy production in steady states is also clarified.Comment: Physica A (2011) in pres