436 research outputs found

    Influential information and factors for social acceptance of CCS: The 2nd round survey of public opinion in Japan

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    AbstractA public survey was conducted concerning carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) in the months of February and April 2007 in Japan, Previously another CCS survey took place in December 2003, and a set of the questions asked in the 2007 survey were purposely the same as that used in the 2003 survey, Japanese adults were randomly selected to answer a questionnaire either in printed format or in online format. Several versions of the questionnaire were used, and each contained a different educational part, imparting relevant CCS information. 334 people successfully responded to our paper survey in Tokyo and Sapporo while 2156 people completed our online survey across the nation. The questionnaire for the survey contained 5 sets of different information package on CCS and questions asking pros and cons on CCS implementation to analyze influence of information provided on CCS.Based on the results of survey we found: that not many people still know about CCS. Those who have knowledge on CCS show a preference for CCS implementation, however; preference was decreased after obtaining information which we considered was neutral on CCS. These results suggest a possibility that information on negative aspects of CCS (risks, etc.) would not be well known in the general public. We also found that preference for CSS decreased slightly after providing different information on CCS to respondents in the group with the newspaper articles which we considered neutral in comparison with other groups. The newspaper articles contained the information on negative opinions against CCS besides risk-related information as well as information based on an IPCC Special Report: it is assumed that such negative opinions may have influenced opinion formation of respondents. Since CCS is new technology, information about how other people or entities evaluate CCS would influence public opinion. In the sub-sample provided with industrial and natural analogues of preference on geological storage, the views were slightly more positive about CSS in comparison with reported opinions of other groups. This implies information on natural or industrial analogue would help manage perception of risk in a positive way.The result of path analysis to data of a public survey identified four factors, (1) risks and leakage, (2) effectiveness of CCS, (3) responsibility, and (4) fossil fuel use. We found that the factor of understanding the effectiveness of CCS is most positively influential for general acceptance of CCS. I Implementation of geological storage and the factor of risks and leakage become much more influential negatively in the implementation of geological storage compared to general acceptance of CCS, implying that implementation of CC2 geological storage also needs careful communication of risk

    A study on the mechanism of ZEITLUPE regulated hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana

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    序論怍物の光圢態圢成反応は、光情報が光受容䜓によっお受け取られ、その情報が化孊情報に倉換されお现胞内に䌝えられるこずで誘起される。怍物の光受容䜓には、䞻に赀色光、遠赀色光の受容に関䞎するフィトクロム、青色光の受容に関䞎するクリプトクロムやフォトトロピン、ZTL (ZEITLUPE) / LKP2 (LOV KELCH PROTEIN 2) / FKF1 (FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1) ファミリヌタンパク質などがある。 シロむヌナズナのZTL、LKP2、FKF1は、LOVドメむン、Kelchリピヌト、F-box モチヌフの぀の機胜領域を有する青色光受容䜓 (図1) で、SCF耇合䜓 (Skp1, Cullin1, F-box containing complex) の構成芁玠ずしおはたらき、暙的タンパク質の青色光に䟝存したナビキチン化に関䞎するずされおいる。図1 ZTL/LKP2/FKF1 ファミリヌタンパク質の構造ZTLは胚軞䌞長制埡に関䞎するこずが報告されおおり、ZTL過剰発珟䜓は連続明条件䞋で長胚軞ずなり(Nelson et al. 2000)、T-DNA挿入により機胜が欠損した倉異䜓 (ztl倉異䜓) は短胚軞ずなる(Miyazaki et al. 2015)。しかし、ZTLがどのようにしお胚軞長を制埡しおいるのかはただ明らかにされおいない郚分も倚い。本研究では、ZTLによる胚軞䌞長制埡機構を明らかにするこずを目的に実隓を行った。結果・考察1  ZTL過剰発珟䜓の遺䌝子発珟解析22℃・連続癜色光䞋で8日間育おた野生型ずZTL過剰発珟䜓の実生から単離したRNAを甚いおDNAマむクロアレむ解析を行い、野生型ずZTL過剰発珟䜓の遺䌝子発珟に぀いお網矅的に調べた。ZTL過剰発珟䜓の2぀のラむンで共通しお野生型よりも発珟量が2倍以䞊に増加しおいた遺䌝子は106個あり、1/2以䞋に枛少しおいた遺䌝子は146個あった。これらの遺䌝子をクラスタリング解析するず、過剰発珟䜓で発珟量が増加しおいた遺䌝子の䞭には、オヌキシン応答性の遺䌝子が20個含たれおいた。3぀のオヌキシン応答性の遺䌝子 (SAUR22, SAUR23, IAA29 ) に぀いおqRT-PCRで解析した結果、䜕れも野生型よりも過剰発珟䜓の胚軞で発珟量が有意に増加しおいるこずがわかった。これらのこずから、過剰発珟䜓の胚軞では、オヌキシン含量が増加しおいるか、オヌキシンに察する感受性が増加しおいるこずが瀺唆された。たた、オヌキシンの極性茞送を阻害するN-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)、オヌキシンアンタゎニストのα-(phenyl ethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA)、オヌキシン合成阻害剀Yucasinを凊理し胚軞長を枬定した結果、いずれの阻害剀でもZTL過剰発珟䜓ず野生型の胚軞長の有意な差がなくなった。阻害剀を甚いた実隓によっおもZTLによる胚軞䌞長制埡ぞのオヌキシンの関䞎が確かめられた。結果・考察2 ztl倉異䜓の遺䌝子発珟解析野生型ずztl倉異䜓の胚軞長の差は、22℃よりも28℃で顕著になる (Miyazaki et al. 2015)。そこで、28℃・連続癜色光䞋で8日間育おた野生型ずztl倉異䜓の実生を甚いお、DNAマむクロアレむ解析を行った。2぀のztl倉異䜓で共通しお野生型よりも発珟量が2倍以䞊に増加しおいた遺䌝子は133個あり、1/2以䞋に枛少しおいた遺䌝子は199個あった。これらの遺䌝子をクラスタリング解析するず、ztl倉異䜓で発珟が枛少しおいた遺䌝子の䞭には、オヌキシン応答性の遺䌝子が16個含たれおいた。これらのオヌキシン応答性の遺䌝子の䞭の3぀ (SAUR22, SAUR23, IAA29 ) に぀いおqRT-PCRで解析し、䜕れも野生型よりもztl倉異䜓の胚軞で発珟量が有意に枛少しおいるこずが分かった。たた、ztl倉異䜓でも3皮類のオヌキシン阻害剀を加えた堎合の胚軞長を調べ、いずれの凊理区でもztl倉異䜓ず野生型の胚軞長に有意な差が認められなかったこずから、ZTLによる胚軞䌞長制埡ぞのオヌキシンの関䞎が裏付けられた。結果・考察3 ztl倉異䜓の郚䜍別遺䌝子発珟解析レポヌタヌ遺䌝子を甚いた解析及び遺䌝孊的解析オヌキシンは特定の堎所で合成され、合成されたオヌキシンは極性茞送によっお䜜甚郚䜍ぞ運ばれるこずが知られおいる (Keuskamp et al. 2010; Kohnen et al. 2016)。実生の倧郚分は子葉であるため、これたでのマむクロアレむ解析では、䞻に子葉で発珟が倉化した遺䌝子に泚目しおいる可胜性がある。そこで、胚軞での遺䌝子発珟を詳现に調べるため、実生を胚軞ず胚軞より䞊郚にわけおマむクロアレむ解析を行った。胚軞のマむクロアレむ解析においお、2぀のztl倉異䜓で共通しお野生型よりも発珟量が2倍以䞊に増加しおいた遺䌝子は638個あり、1/2以䞋に枛少しおいた遺䌝子は1062個あった。これらの遺䌝子をクラスタリング解析するず、ztl倉異䜓で発珟量が枛少しおいた最も有意なクラスタヌは现胞壁修食に関わるもので14個の遺䌝子が含たれおいた。しかし、実生のクラスタリング解析で䞊䜍にみられたオヌキシン応答性遺䌝子が、胚軞のクラスタリング解析ではみられなかった。䞀方、胚軞より䞊郚のマむクロアレむ解析では、2぀のztl倉異䜓で共通しお野生型よりも発珟量が2倍以䞊に増加しおいた遺䌝子は469個あり、1/2以䞋に枛少しおいた遺䌝子は1038 個あった。これらの遺䌝子をクラスタリング解析するず、ztl倉異䜓で発珟量が枛少しおいた最も有意なクラスタヌは、”Response to endogenous stimulus” であり、61個の遺䌝子が含たれおいた。これらの遺䌝子の䞭には、16個のSAURず7個のAUX/IAAが含たれおいた。続いお、2番目に有意であったクラスタヌは、転写因子遺䌝子PIF4, PIF5が含たれおいた。PIF4, PIF5は、オヌキシン合成酵玠遺䌝子YUC8の転写を促進するこずが知られおいる (Franklin et al. 2011; Sun et al. 2012; Hornitshek et al. 2012)。そこで、オヌキシン合成酵玠遺䌝子に泚目するず、胚軞より䞊郚では、TAR3, YUC3, YUC8, YUC9 の発珟量が野生型よりも2぀の倉異䜓で1/2以䞋に枛少しおいるこずが分かった。次にオヌキシン合成酵玠遺䌝子やオヌキシン応答性遺䌝子の発珟量が、ztl倉異䜓においお枛少しおいたこずから、それらのプロモヌタヌ掻性が䜎䞋しおいる可胜性を考え、2皮類のレポヌタヌ遺䌝子 (pYUC8:GUS, pDR5:GUS を甚いお怜蚌した。その結果、どちらのレポヌタヌ遺䌝子でもGUS遺䌝子発珟、およびGUS掻性は野生型よりもztl倉異䜓で䜎䞋しおいた。たた野生型背景のpYUC8:GUSは子葉の先端で、pDR5:GUSは葉ず胚軞でGUSの染色が芋られたが、それらの染色はztl倉異䜓ではみられなかった。これらのこずから、ztl倉異䜓ではオヌキシン合成酵玠遺䌝子ずオヌキシン応答性遺䌝子のプロモヌタヌ掻性が䜎䞋しおいるこずが瀺唆された。続いお、ztl倉異䜓におけるオヌキシン応答性遺䌝子の発珟を継時的に調べるためpIAA19:ELuc-PESTを甚いた実隓を行った。野生型ずztl倉異䜓ずの間で、ルシフェラヌれ掻性の呚期に有意な差はみられなかったが、振幅及びピヌク倀は䞀貫しおztl倉異䜓で枛少しおいた。埓っおZTLはオヌキシン応答性遺䌝子の発珟呚期ではなく発珟量に圱響を䞎えるこずが瀺唆された。マむクロアレむ解析やレポヌタヌ遺䌝子を甚いた実隓により、ZTLの䞋流でPIFやYUCが働いおいるこずが瀺唆されたので、それらの遺䌝孊的な䞊䞋関係を調べた。ztl倉異䜓背景のPIF4過剰発珟䜓、YUC8過剰発珟䜓 (ztl PIF4 ox, ztl YUC8 ox ) の胚軞長は、28℃・連続癜色光䞋でそれぞれ野生型背景のPIF4過剰発珟䜓、YUC8過剰発珟䜓ず同皋床たで長胚軞を瀺した。このこずは、ZTLの䞋流でPIF4やYUC8が働いおいるこずを瀺しおいる。䞀方PIF4の䞊流には、赀色光受容䜓phyBが存圚し、PIF4, PIF5の分解を促進するこずが知られおいる (Lorrain et al. 2008)。ZTLもphyBもPIF4の䞊流に存圚するので、ZTLずphyBずの関係性を調べるためにztl phyb を䜜出し、胚軞長を枬定した。その結果、28℃・連続癜色光䞋でztl phybはphyb倉異䜓ず同皋床たで長胚軞を瀺した。このこずから、ZTLによる胚軞䌞長制埡ぞのphyBの関䞎が瀺された。たずめこれらの結果をたずめるず、ZTLは、胚軞より䞊郚においおPIF4, PIF5の発珟䞊昇を促し、PIF4, PIF5 がYUC8 等のオヌキシン合成酵玠遺䌝子の発珟を䞊昇させるこずで、オヌキシン合成を掻性化させる。子葉で䜜られたオヌキシンは、極性茞送によっお胚軞に流れ、胚軞で现胞壁の䌞展を誘導する酵玠EXP8 等の発珟䞊昇を促し、胚軞䌞長を促進するずいうモデルが考えられる (図2)。孊習院倧孊Gakushuin Universit

    Fibronectin-β1 Integrin Interaction in Teeth

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    The dental epithelium and extracellular matrix interact to ensure that cell growth and differentiation lead to the formation of teeth of appropriate size and quality. To determine the role of fibronectin in differentiation of the dental epithelium and tooth formation, we analyzed its expression in developing incisors. Fibronectin mRNA was expressed during the presecretory stage in developing dental epithelium, decreased in the secretory and early maturation stages, and then reappeared during the late maturation stage. The binding of dental epithelial cells derived from postnatal day-1 molars to a fibronectin-coated dish was inhibited by the RGD but not RAD peptide, and by a β1 integrin-neutralizing antibody, suggesting that fibronectin-β1 integrin interactions contribute to dental epithelial-cell binding. Because fibronectin and β1 integrin are highly expressed in the dental mesenchyme, it is difficult to determine precisely how their interactions influence dental epithelial differentiation in vivo. Therefore, we analyzed β1 integrin conditional knockout mice (Intβ1lox-/lox-/K14-Cre) and found that they exhibited partial enamel hypoplasia, and delayed eruption of molars and differentiation of ameloblasts, but not of odontoblasts. Furthermore, a cyst-like structure was observed during late ameloblast maturation. Dental epithelial cells from knockout mice did not bind to fibronectin, and induction of ameloblastin expression in these cells by neurotrophic factor-4 was inhibited by treatment with RGD peptide or a fibronectin siRNA, suggesting that the epithelial interaction between fibronectin and β1 integrin is important for ameloblast differentiation and enamel formation

    Development of an Okinawa panel for biogeographic inference of Okinawans

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    BACKGROUND: The Precision ID Ancestry Panel with 165 SNP markers was unable to differentiate between mainland Japanese and Okinawa Japanese or to distinguish either of them from other East Asian populations.AIM: An Okinawa panel was developed with the aim of further separating Okinawa Japanese individuals from mainland Japanese and other Asian groups. Seventy-five SNPs were selected using the most informative markers from the literature. Further, 22 SNPs were selected to separate Okinawa Japanese at minimum SNPs.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Samples were collected from 48 unrelated individuals from mainland Japan and 46 unrelated residents of the Okinawa prefecture. Data were evaluated by STRUCTURE, principal component, and GenoGeographer analyses.RESULTS: The 22 SNP set had similar levels of differentiation in STRUCTURE and PCA analyses as the 75 SNP set. GenoGeographer analysis showed that, out of the 46 Okinawa Japanese individuals, the 75 SNP and 22 SNP sets correctly assigned the Okinawan population as the most likely population of origin for 32 and 31 individuals, respectively.CONCLUSION: Neither SNP set could completely differentiate between Okinawa Japanese and other Asian groups, however, these sets should be useful for crime investigation, when the sample, cost and time are limited.</p

    Coco-Nut: Corpus of Japanese Utterance and Voice Characteristics Description for Prompt-based Control

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    In text-to-speech, controlling voice characteristics is important in achieving various-purpose speech synthesis. Considering the success of text-conditioned generation, such as text-to-image, free-form text instruction should be useful for intuitive and complicated control of voice characteristics. A sufficiently large corpus of high-quality and diverse voice samples with corresponding free-form descriptions can advance such control research. However, neither an open corpus nor a scalable method is currently available. To this end, we develop Coco-Nut, a new corpus including diverse Japanese utterances, along with text transcriptions and free-form voice characteristics descriptions. Our methodology to construct this corpus consists of 1) automatic collection of voice-related audio data from the Internet, 2) quality assurance, and 3) manual annotation using crowdsourcing. Additionally, we benchmark our corpus on the prompt embedding model trained by contrastive speech-text learning.Comment: Submitted to ASRU202

    Three-dimensional visualization of thoracodorsal artery perforators using photoacoustic imaging

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    Introduction: Diagnostic imaging modalities to evaluate the three-dimensional distribution of thoracodorsal artery perforators (TDAPs) are lacking. In this study, TDAPs were visualized and characterized using photoacoustic imaging. Material and methods: In this study, 34 sites in the lateral chest wall of 18 individuals were analyzed. The region extending 5 cm ventral and 5 cm dorsal to the lateral edge of the latissimus dorsi (LD) and 5–15 cm from the posterior axillary fold was scanned using photoacoustic imaging. The largest perforator closest to the edge of the LD was characterized. The location of the stem portion and the orientation of the longest cutaneous branch of the perforator were described. The relationship between the maximal depth of delineation on photoacoustic images and the depth of the deep fascia was assessed. Results: On average, 2.6 perforators (range, 1–5 perforators) were visualized in the region of interest. The distribution of the TDAP stem portion was similar to that in previous studies. Cutaneous branches were preferentially oriented in a medial-caudal direction. The length of delineated cutaneous branches varied (range, 7–78 mm) depending on the thickness of the subcutaneous layer. Vessels under the LD were observed when the subcutaneous layer was thin. Conclusion: Photoacoustic imaging can successfully visualize TDAPs in three dimensions. Visualization of TDAPs varied by the thickness of the subcutaneous layer. A thin deep fascia of the LD might be a cause of deep laser penetration
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