Causes and Effects of Cyber-Crime Victimization among Educated Youth: A Study of BZU, Multan

As criminal activities are increasing in Pakistan, there are different types of crime that come into the mind. Cyber-crime is the most common among internet users, especially students who are connected online most of the time for different purposes. This study examined the nature of cyber-crime, causes of cyber-crime and its effects on victims. The sample for the study consists of 201 students from department of social sciences Bahauddin Zakirya University, Multan. The researcher used multi stage sampling and questionnaires as a tool for data collection. The results were analyzed by using SPSS. The results revealed that 86.5% of the respondents used internet every day, while 95(47.2%) of respondents used internet for study, other 30(14.9%) heard songs by using internet, 45(22.3%) youth played games and 41(20.3%) watched movies. University students become victimized due to fake online job 124(61.6%), while monetary reward 37(18.6%), chat in open room 20(9.9%) and downloaded games 20(9.95%). There are different effects like 80(39.8%) psychological losses which include mental effect of private information losing and risk of re-victimization. While 55(27.3%) respondents are harassed, on the other hand, 21(10.4%) respondents lost their financial data and 45(22.3%) students lost their personal information data. Future research will be needed to let the youth be fully aware of cyber-crime effects

Comorbidity of COVID-19 related Fatalities in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Objectives: To assess the COVID-19 associated fatalities with respect to demographics, comorbidity, critical illness, and length of hospital stay in tertiary care hospitals. Subjects & Methods: A retrospective hospital data-based research was done among 216 COVID-19 associated mortalities registered in 4 tertiary care hospitals Holy Family Hospital (HFH), Benazir Bhutto Hospital (BBH), District Head Quarters Hospital (DHQ) and Rawalpindi Institute of Urology & Transplantation (RIU & T) affiliated with Rawalpindi Medical University from 29th March-15th June 2020. The data was gathered by consecutive sampling pertinent to demographics, hospital stay, comorbidity, critical illness, and ventilator or oxygen support. The length of hospital stay among fatalities with and without comorbidity was compared by an independent sample z-test. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 25.0. Results: Of the total 216 COVID-19 related mortalities, 150(69.4%) were males and 66(30.6%) were females. The mean age of fatalities was 55.66 ± 13.97 years. About 76.7% of dying males were 41-70 years old while 56.1% of females dying of COVID-19 were 41-60 years old. Most (60.8%) of study subjects had hypertension followed by diabetes (53.8%), Ischemic Heart Disease (17.5%), and respiratory disorders (12.3%). About 75% of the critically ill patients needed a ventilator for respiratory support. Length of hospital stay was determined to have a statistically insignificant association (P > 0.10) with the presence or absence of comorbidity among COVID-19 patients. Critical illness had a highly significant association (P < 0.000) with ventilator support among COVID-19 related mortalities. Conclusion: People 41-70 years should preferably adopt stringent precautions for protection against COVID-19. Comorbid states chiefly hypertension, diabetes, cardiac and respiratory diseases need special consideration amid COVID-19 pandemic to abstain from adverse health outcomes

The Validity Of 75gms OGTT For Detection Of GDM Keeping 100gms OGTT As Gold Standard

Objective: To determine the validity of 75gms (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) OGTT for the detection of GDM keeping 100gms OGTT as the gold standard. Methodology: This was a Cross-sectional validation study done at the Mother and Child Health Centre, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. The duration of the study was Six months from the approval of the synopsis. Data was collected from  March 2019 to September 2019. Informed consent for participating in the study was taken from all 205 patients. The patients' bio data along with the hospital registration number was entered pro forma. The patients were assessed initially by History taking and examination. All pregnant women underwent a 75g oral glucose test in the 2nd trimester at 24-28 weeks of gestation. For this, the patients were sent to the MCH laboratory with overnight fasting where FBS was taken and they were given a 75 g glucose drink. Their blood sample was taken at 1-hour and 2-hour interval. Two or more elevated values out of the 3 blood samples were sufficient to diagnose GDM. Laboratory reports were reviewed and data was entered in the performa (attached) by the researcher. All the diagnosed patients were further evaluated for a 100g OGTT dose at the MCH laboratory with overnight fasting. Their FBS was studied and women were given a 100 g glucose drink and blood samples were drawn at an interval of 1, 2 and 3 hours respectively. Out of the 4 blood samples, two or more elevated values were sufficient to diagnose GDM. Lab reports were entered in the Performa. Results: From a total of 205 patients, the sensitivity and specificity of OGTT-75 g for diagnosing GDM were 83.02% and 82.83%. However, positive predictive and negative predictive value for OGTT-75 g was 83.81% and 82% respectively. However, the overall diagnostic accuracy of OGTT-75 g was 82.93%. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that 75 gms OGTT is highly sensitive (83.02%) and specific (82.83%) for the detection/diagnosis of gestational DM. Advanced screening and diagnosis of gestational DM, and its effective treatment not only inhibit adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes but also save the lives of both child and mother from diabetes in future

ENHANCING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORKERS IN DISTRICT RAHIM YAR KHAN, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Abstract In recent years, the intricate relationship between climate change and its profound impact on agricultural productivity has garnered increasing attention, particularly concerning the pivotal role played by agricultural extension workers. This study delves into climate change mitigation strategies within the realm of agriculture, with a specific focus on the instrumental contributions of agricultural extension workers. Climate change presents a multifaceted challenge to global agricultural systems, exerting significant influences on productivity, crop yields, and food production. Amid these challenges, agricultural extension workers emerge as central figures bridging the chasm between technical knowledge and practical adaptation methods for farmers. This qualitative investigation draws upon a synthesis of existing research and incorporates insights from key informant interviews. By shedding light on the intricate interplay between climate change, agricultural productivity, and the pivotal function of agricultural extension workers, this research aspires to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationships between these variables. By facilitating the adoption of climate-resilient techniques, such as cultivating drought-resistant crop varieties, implementing water-efficient irrigation methods, and promoting agroforestry, extension workers empower farmers to mitigate the severe impacts of climate change. Furthermore, extension workers play a pivotal role in bolstering farmers' adaptive capabilities and equipping them with essential skills to navigate increasingly volatile climatic conditions. Studies underscore that farmers who receive training from extension workers report heightened confidence in successfully implementing climate-adaptive strategies

Impact of Foreign Remittances on Financial Development of Pakistan

This research investigates the impact of remittances on financial development of Pakistan. Overseas remittances have positive and major relation with GDP of Pakistan at the same time as inflation and exchange rate has unconstructive effect on economic growth. The multiple regression investigation is used to identify the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. In this study, we considered economic growth as the dependent variable. For independent variables worker’s remittances, foreign direct investment, inflation, and exchange rate and agriculture growth

Effect of Dietary Energy Levels on Growth Performance and Feed Cost Analysis in Japanese Quail

Abstract.-Feed cost has a direct influence on routine farm operations. Optimum energy level in the feed results in better performance as well as proves to be cost effective. The present study was conducted to examine the growth and production of meat type quail along with feed cost analysis using different energy levels. Three diets having energy levels of 2900 kcal/kg (Control group), 2700 kcal/kg (B) and 3100 kcal/kg (C) were offered to 600 one-day-old quail chicks for 28 days to examine the carcass quality and growth performance. Birds were divided into 3 groups. Each group was further divided into 4 replicates with 50 birds in each. High energy diet (3100 kcal/kg) resulted in improved body weight gain, increased feed intake and better FCR (p<0.05). Liver weight was observed better in high energy diet (p<0.05). Dressing percentage was not affected by high energy diet (p>0.05) but a numerical difference existed while breast meat percentage was lower in high energy supplemented group (p<0.05). It is concluded that higher energy diet resulted in better performance and is more economical as it resulted in low cost per Kg live weight gain of birds