A study on internal laryngeal nerve-its variation in the course, branching, anastamosis and relation to inferior thyroid artery

Background: Recurrent laryngeal nerves sometimes may not follow the classically describe course. It does not always lie in the tracheo-oesophageal groove. The relations of the nerve to inferior thyroid artery may vary. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the variation in the relations and branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve.Methods: The present study was undertaken in postmortem specimen from Forensic department and cadavers in the dissection hall after the ethical clearance. The specimens were collected enbloc including tongue, oesophagus and trachea. Also, the specimens were used for modified Sihler’s technique. Specimen was dissected and recurrent laryngeal nerve was identified. Its relation and branches were noted. The data regarding the number of branches, level of branching, anastomoses were expressed as percentages.Results: The nerve was seen passing posterior to the cricothyroid joint to enter the larynx. In 56% of specimens, artery was anterior to the nerve on both sides, nerve was anterior to the artery on both sides in 19%, nerve and artery was found to be ascending in the same plane side artery lateral and nerve medial in 6%, nerve divides before entry into the larynx on both sides in 68%, nerve does not divide in 75%,  Division of the nerve was observed about 4cm below the joint in 6% of specimen, 3cms below the joint in 19% of specimens, 2cm below the in 19% of specimens and 1cm below the joint in 38% of specimens.Conclusions: It was found that, the nerve was lying posterior to the artery more commonly. There no significant difference between right and left sides. The division of the nerve into anterior and posterior branches before entering the larynx was observed. In half of the specimens, nerve divided before entry into the larynx

An observational study on variation in the relations and branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve

Background: Recurrent laryngeal nerve is one of the most important nerves because; it is subjected too much variation in its site, branches and relation with the branches of inferior thyroid artery and to thyroid gland. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to study the variation in the relations and branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve.Methods: The present study was undertaken in postmortem specimen from Forensic department and cadavers in the dissection hall after the ethical clearance. The specimens were collected enbloc including tongue, oesophagus and trachea. Also, the specimens were used for modified Sihler’s technique. Specimen was dissected and recurrent laryngeal nerve was identified. Its relation and branches were noted. The data regarding the number of branches, level of branching, anastomoses were expressed as percentages.Results: Recurrent laryngeal nerve does not always lie in the trachea-oesophageal sulcus. It lies lateral to trachea. This relation is found more on the right side than on the left side. The relation of the nerve to inferior thyroid artery was considered. It was found that, the nerve was lying posterior to the artery more commonly. There is no significant difference between right and left sides. The division of the nerve into anterior and posterior branches before entering the larynx was observed in half of the specimens, nerve divided before entry into the larynx. In most cases, the level of division was 1 cm below the cricothyroid joint. In few specimens, it varied from 2 to 4 cm.Conclusions: The variation in the position is more common on the right side. Branches may arise from the nerve about 4cm below the cricothyroid joint. It lies posterior to the inferior thyroid artery more frequently

C4Synth: Cross-Caption Cycle-Consistent Text-to-Image Synthesis

Generating an image from its description is a challenging task worth solving because of its numerous practical applications ranging from image editing to virtual reality. All existing methods use one single caption to generate a plausible image. A single caption by itself, can be limited, and may not be able to capture the variety of concepts and behavior that may be present in the image. We propose two deep generative models that generate an image by making use of multiple captions describing it. This is achieved by ensuring 'Cross-Caption Cycle Consistency' between the multiple captions and the generated image(s). We report quantitative and qualitative results on the standard Caltech-UCSD Birds (CUB) and Oxford-102 Flowers datasets to validate the efficacy of the proposed approach.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV-201

Effect of Cobalt Chloride on the Amino Acid Levels in Silk Gland of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L

The effect of cobalt on the total proteins, protease activity, free amino acids, alanine amino transferase (ALAT) activity and aspartate amino transferase (AAT) activity were studied. The increase of total protein content in silk gland may be either due to increased efflux or decreased proteolysis activity which might lead to accumulation of protein content. The decrease of protease activity level in silk gland may be due to lower rate of histolysis. The free amino acids showed a decrease in the silk gland of cobalt chloride treated larvae which indicates the faster mobilization of free amino acids into oxidative metabolism in the presence of cobalt chloride. The ALAT and AAT activity levels were elevated after cobalt chloride treatment indicating the active involvement in the protein synthesis. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15079

Dynamic Detection of Packet Losses by CRDP

TCP has provided the primary means to transfer data reliably across the Internet, however TCP has imposed limitations on several applications. Measurement and estimation of packet loss characteristics are challenging due to the relatively rare occurrence and typically short duration of packet loss episodes. While active probe tools are commonly used to measure packet loss on end-toend paths, there has been little analysis of the accuracy of these tools or their impact on the network. The main objective is to understand the problem of detecting whether a compromised router is maliciously manipulating its stream of packets. In particular to this concern a simple yet effective attack in which a router selectively drops packets destined for some Victim. Unfortunately, it is quite challenging to attribute a missing packet to a malicious action because normal network congestion can produce the same effect. Modern networks routinely drop packets when the load temporarily exceeds their buffering capacities. Previous detection protocols have tried to address this problem with a user-definedthreshold: too many dropped packets imply malicious intent. However, this heuristic is fundamentally unsound; setting this threshold is, at best, an art and will certainly create unnecessary false positives or mask highly focused attacks

Review on microspheres as a drug delivery carrier

A well designed controlled drug delivery system can overcome some of the problems of conventional therapy and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a given drug .To obtain maximum therapeutic efficacy, it becomes necessary to deliver the agent to the target tissue in the optimal amount in the right period of time there by causing little toxicity and minimal side effects. There are various approaches in delivering a therapeutic substance to the target site in a sustained controlled release fashion. One such approach is using microspheres as carriers for drugs. In this article importance of microsphere as a novel drug delivery carrier to attain site specific drug delivery was discussed

Effect of glycine betaine in the alleviation of abiotic stresses in groundnut genotypes

Many of the biotic and abiotic stresses faced by grain legumes contributr to the large yield gap between potential and realzed yields. Abiotic stresses occurring at critical growth stages in groundnut affect productivity by reducing the total dry matter, pod yield and quality. Present study investigates thc role of glycine bctninc in nllevintiny cll'ccts of the three major abiotic stresses i, e., drought, heat and salinity on selected groundnut genotypes. The investigation was conducted in 3 phases (a) effect of betaine on tolerance of groundnut seedlings to heat and salinity stress conditions, (b) effect of betaine on isolated plants growing in pots subjected to drought, heat and salinity, and ( c) effect of betaine on tolerance of groundnut genotypes to simulated drought under field conditions. The experiments were conducted during 1996- 98 period at ICRISAT centre, Patancheru in laboratory, glass house, growth chamber and field. (a) The seedlings were subjected to high temperature and salinity stress conditions in laboratory with and without glycine betaine trcatmcnt, under high temperature stress conditions, the seedlings with betaine treatment are able to produce root and shoot lengths (34 and 40%) than seedlings without betaine treatment, in the non induced treatments, there was a 122% greater growth in betaine treated seedlings compared to untreated ones, correspondingly the gel electrophoresis results indicated that betaine treatment was able to produce four new proteins with molecular weights of 76.4, 60.6, 54.6 and 16.5 kDa. Similarly under salinity stress conditions, the betaine treatment was able to produce 30 and 32% more root and shoot growths. The protein profiles indicated that betaine treatment was able to produce four new proteins with molecular weights of 65.4, 37.8, 35.4 and 16.5 kDa. These stress shock proteins which are produced under high temperature and...

Energy optimization of 6T SRAM cell using low-voltage and high-performance inverter structures

The performance of the cell deteriorates, when static random access memory (SRAM) cell is operated below 1V supply voltage with continuous scale down of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The conventional 6T, 8T-SRAM cells suffer writeability and read static noise margins (SNM) at low-voltages leads to degradation of cell stability. To improve the cell stability and reduce the dynamic power dissipation at low- voltages of the SRAM cell, we proposed four SRAM cells based on inverter structures with less energy consumption using voltage divider bias current sink/source inverter and NOR/NAND gate using a pseudo-nMOS inverter. The design and implementation of SRAM cell using proposed inverter structures are compared with standard 6T, 8T and ST-11T SRAM cells for different supply voltages at 22-nm CMOS technology exhibit better performance of the cell. The read/write static noise margin of the cell significantly increases due to voltage divider bias network built with larger cell-ratio during read path. The load capacitance of the cell is reduced with minimized switching transitions of the devices during high-to-low and low- to-high of the pull-up and pull-down networks from VDD to ground leads to on an average 54% of dynamic power consumption. When compared with the existing ones, the read/write power of the proposed cells is reduced to 30%. The static power gets reduced by 24% due to stacking of transistors takes place in the proposed SRAM cells as compare to existing ones. The layout of the proposed cells is drawn at a 45-nm technology, and occupies an area of 1.5 times greater and 1.8 times greater as compared with 6T-SRAM cell

Fetal Dopaminergic Neurons Transplanted to the Normal Striatum of Neonatal or Adult Rats and to the Denervated Striatum of Adult Rats

Fetal ventral mesencephalon from the 15th gestational day was grafted into the striatum of neonatal and adult rats. In one group of adult rats, fetal nigra was transplanted into normal striatum. In a second group, the tissue was transplanted at sites where dopaminergic fibers were denervated with 6-hydroxydopamine. The behavior of the dopaminergic neurons and glial reactions were studied by staining with cresyl violet to localize the transplants and by immunolabeling tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In normal adults, the transplants were small. At the edge of the transplants, TH-positive neurons were packed into clusters, and an interface without any significant crossover of TH-positive fibers was present. Glial reaction was minimal in and around the transplant. In the denervated striatum, transplants were generally larger than those in normal striatum and surrounded by a glial scar. TH-positive neurons were both closely packed and loosely arranged at the periphery of the transplants. Processes could be clearly defined and could be traced to the adjacent host striatum through the TH-free denervated area. In neonates, the transplants were large and at times extended beyond the striatum. Most TH-positive neurons were arranged linearly along the periphery of the transplant. Cell bodies were widely separated and a well-developed neuropil was present. Fibers from the transplant mingled freely with the host striatum without any interface. In all three transplant groups, tracing the TH-positive neurites was easy because they were thicker and coarser than other elements. No apparent glial reaction occurred in the neonates. Thus, the growth and maturation of dopaminergic neurons seemed to vary in different environments. The most conducive environment appears to be neonatal brain in which growth factors are readily available