Variations arising through tissue culture in soft fruits

The study mainly concerns the potential of the tissue culture for mass propagation and to evaluate the trueness to type of regenerated plants from tissue culture using appropriate molecular markers. Three soft fruits species Ribes, Fragaria and Rubus were used in this study. The study has three main sections dealing with an evaluation of appropriate molecular marker systems to study the plants regenerated via micropropagation, callus culture and regeneration and tissue culture and regeneration.The first section evaluates the potential of SDS-PAGE protein electrophoresis and RAPD-PCR as markers to distinguish among clonally propagated cultivars of R. nigrum. SDS-PAGE was able to distinguish only four out of ten cultivars tested. RAPD-PCR was able to distinguish all the cultivars studied using only two primers. The data generated by RAPD-PCR and from pedigree information was used to examine the relatedness among the cultivars studied. RAPD-PCR was further used to examine the purity of the cultivar Baldwin collected at various locations in the UK. Polymorphism was detected and differences were found between the sub-samples of a single cultivar.The second section deals with the multiplication of Rubus, Ribes and Fragaria by micropropagation. The effect of culture cycle on the plants regenerated was evaluated using RAPD-PCR. Ribes did not show any variation until the 14th generation cycle but in the 15th and 16th cycles variation was detected from 6.2% and 13.4% respectively. Considerable variation was detected in Rubus starting with the 4th sub-culture and was at a maximum in the 7th sub-culture. In Fragaria. all plants at sub-culture 3 were evaluated and variation was detected between them. The relevance of such variation on the release of material of all three species is discussed in relation to certification scheme requirements.The third experimental section evaluates the potential of callus as explant source for the multiplication and regeneration of plants in Ribes and Fragaria species. The study also describes investigations in the optimum growth regulators concentrations for callus culture and subsequent plant regeneration. Both the explant type leaf disc and leaf petiole showed successful callus induction in Ribes cultivars. However, plant regeneration was not successful in the cultivars and explant sources studied. In Fragaria regeneration was easily achieved from leaf disc callus and the plants were evaluated for trueness to type using RAPD-PCR This indicated variation ranges from 0.68 to 22.80%.The final discussion reviews micropropagation, callus culture and regeneration and their application to mass propagation. The use of molecular marker systems to evaluate multiplication methodology is discussed both in terms of the needs of the soft fruits industry and as the general approach to the evaluation of progeny of clonally propagated species

Pharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Rhazya Stricta Decne.

Shoot formation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) tissue culture was studied in Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg's basal medium (B5) which are supplemented with a different combination of growth hormones namely 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and a-Naphtaleneacetic acid (\)AA) with and w'ithout cold pretreatments A stem-disc of shoot tips \vas used as explants for the induction ofgarlic shoot formation in the six weeks period.. A number of shoots, bulbs and fresh weight of bulb were observed. The shoot and bulbs formation were rapidly induced via organogenesis for the cold-pretreated bulbs at 4°C grown in a half MS media which contained 0.1 ppm of BAP in combination with 0.1 ppm NAA. Apparently, the induction of shoot and bulbs ofgarlic were influenced by temperature, hormones composition and nitrogen source

Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern

This study aimed at the environment, agriculture, and land use pattern and in the arid region of Pakistan. Physiography and location of the study area with respect to coastal region are the key factors that control the climate. There are a number of factors that have their influence on the cropping pattern in the area apart from climate. They include the type of soils, availability of irrigation water, government policies, socioeconomic condition, advance technologies, market value, human demand, etc. The soil of irrigated plain in lower Punjab and Sind is more suitable for the agriculture than other parts, where the water is insufficient for cultivation

Climate Classification of Pakistan

The research covenants amid the evaluation and analysis of the weather data in regards to mean monthlytemperature, precipitation, rainy days, relative humidity, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, evaporation, solarradiation and with the literature cited. The components getting fluctuation in the atmospheric condition comprise ofglobal location, vicinity to ocean, geomorphic reliefs and continental extent, maritime affects, forests and landuse.Based on the daily and monthly temperature, the study area has divided into five localities consisting of hot, warm,mild, cool, and cold. Besides, the five precipitation zones namely arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid andundifferentiated highlands have been distinguished during course of work. Generally, eastern longitudes of the countryget substantial downpours amid summers (monsoon season). Though the western areas in winters excluding GilgitBaltistan, where it is from local thunderstorms. Pakistan encounters four precipitation seasons namely winter, premonsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon rainfall. Because of sub-tropical vicinity, the country has experienced twofundamental seasons explicitly winter and summer. Generally, the summer period goes on for five months in mountainsand seven months in plains, whilst the winter period differs for seven months in mountains and five months in plains.The stated two essential rainy periods are auxiliary sub-isolated into four sub-spells to be precisely hot, warm, monsoonand cold season. Based on appropriation and fluctuation of climate variables, Pakistan is classified in five macro areasthat auxiliary sub-curved up into 18 meso and 46 micro scale climate regions

Effects of Eucalyptus Globulus on the Underground Water in Udigram, Swat, Pakistan

The plantation of Eucalyptus in hilly areas is not encouraging insight because it vanishes more than 50 litersof groundwater per day into the atmosphere and is gradually more dangerous to the water table and rock reservoirs. Therate of water evaporated by eucalyptus is higher than compared to the incoming showers in the area.This imbalance inthe water cycle caused changes in the water table as well as the flow of water from the springs.On the other hand, itswood is of poor quality and having low market demand as well as domestic use.The precipitation shows -2 inches (-25.8 millimeters) decline per year in the winter season between 1995 and 2014, while the ratio of increase is 1.24inches (31.5 millimeters) in the summer months. Generally,the major share of annual precipitation was from the winterseason before 1995, but onward, it is in summer and the area dropped from humid to sub-humid climate.This seasonalfluctuation of rainfall and dryness of rock reservoirs has not only decreased the water table, but also caused changes inthe flow of water from the springs and rivers. The dryness of the wells after reduction in precipitation, generally leadsto the digging and intensive use of tube wells in the area. The study reveals that the dryness in spring has an aftereffecttotally of cultivation of Eucalyptus on the Raja Gira hill slopes and required mitigation to overcome the issue of wateravailability for the locals

Precipitation and Temperature Oscillation and its Effects on the Flow of Indus Water System and Adaptation in the Arid Region, Pakistan (1940-2000)

The study evaluates the water discharge of the Indus and its sub-rivers in the arid region of Pakistan from1940-2004 using the annual changes in addition to seasonal flux and inconsistencies in culmination of the water flow.Currently, in Pakistan, the gross per capita water availability shows notable dwindle during 1951 till 2000. Owing todecline in precipitation (0.6inch or 15.2mm) and amplify in degree of hotness of 1.60C for the period of 1960-2000, thewater discharge throughout Pakistan particularly in the arid region reveals a susceptible stipulation from 1940-2004.During Rabi season, the decline in the water discharge of the Indus River and its tributaries show a drasticdecline/reduction, while it remains stable in Kharif season and could do with adaptation instantly. The annual waterdischarge indicates a positive deviation in the Kabul River, while it is negative in Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravirivers. Most of the rivers in Baluchistan are altered into seasonal torrents and the water scarcity for agriculture sectorand domestic use will be at climax in the future. The decrease in the water discharge of the Indus drainage system willinfluence the crop pattern and its production in the rain fed as well as canals fed arid areas in the lower Punjab andSindh province. The specific adaptations to cope with the problem are, improvement in the irrigation system, edifice ofnew water dams and reservoirs, construction of water course guards, innovation in sanitation and sewerage system,public awareness, policy and implementation, establishment of research and development fund, crop choices, glacierretreat and planning for water resources

Adaptation to Climate Change and Mitigation of its Effects in the Arid Region of Pakistan (1961-2015)

This research explains the weather and climate fluctuation adaptation and easing of its effects in dry climate region of Pakistan, based on weather data obtained from 40 weather observatories for the time duration of 55 years (1960-2015).The area of study is covering about 77 percent of the entire country, characterized by hot dry long summers and short warm moist winters. Pakistan has been dynamic on international and local scales to espouse a steadfast climate change strategy for the lessening of climate change effects in the arid region. The existing policy of the country, regarding adaptation to weather change in the dry lands, has not fulfilled the obligations and it is required to appraise it sporadically as per the country’s economic, environmental and social desires. The main sectors that call for mitigation in the dry lands on national level are; surface and underground water, coastal management, overgrazing, deforestation, agriculture and livestock, drought and desertification, public awareness, emergency response, early warning system and monitoring, landuse change, waterlogging, energy and power resources, and health issues. The hydrological sector is more vulnerable to the effects of climate and weather changes in the study area. These effects will be reduced by means of fresh hydro-reservoirs, local dams, and waterway embankments to save the existing flow from swamping. It will also bring perfection in the sanitation and irrigation schemes, policy for flood water consumption, appraisal of the hydro-management policy, implementation, research and development funds

Comparison of percutaneous nephrostomy and double j stent in early normalization of renal function tests in patients with obstructive uropathy due to urolithiasis

Objective:  To compare the mean normalization period of serum levels of urea and creatinine after placement of PCN tube or a DJ stent as emergency management for obstructive uropathy due to urolithiasis. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial study is conducted in the Institute of Kidney Diseases, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from March 2018 - March 2019. The total sample of 416 was divided into two groups by the lottery method. Group A comprising of 208 patients who underwent Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN) and Group B Comprising of 208 in who underwent Double J Stenting for the relief of the obstructive uropathy respectively.  Serum levels of urea and creatinine were recorded at 24, 96 and 144 hours post-operatively. Results: The mean age of Group A 35.6 ± 8.4 years and the Mean age in Group B was 38.2± 10.4 years. The majority (76.6%) participants were male, including 70% were from PCN group and 79% were from DJ group. The time taken for normalization of serum urea level was 97.654 hours (4.068 days) and 106.453 hours (4.435 days) in the PCN and DJ stenting groups respectively. The normalization time of serum creatinine level was 95.4375 hours (3.98 days) and 104.8125 hours (4.36 days) in the patients undergoing PCN and DJ stenting respectively. The differences of normalization time in both groups were not statistically significant with p-values of 0.064 and 0.061 for normalization of serum urea and creatinine levels respectively. Conclusion: Both the PCN and DJ stenting methods were equally effective in stone management in obstructive uropathy patients for normalization of elevated serum urea and creatinine levels